Fabrication and characterization of a functionally graded material from Ti-6Al-4V to SS316 by laser metal deposition

Li, Wei; Karnati, Sreekar; Kriewall, Caitlin S.; Liou, Frank W.; Newkirk, Joseph William; Taminger, Karen M. B.; Seufzer, William J.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2016.12.006

Cited by 83 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Recently, by virtue of relatively low cost, lightweight, high corrosion resistance, and appreciable mechanical properties, high-quality joints between titanium alloy and stainless steel have found applications for nuclear fuel field, petrochemical, cryogenic protector, and aerospace industries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Titanium alloys possess low densities, high strengths, and strong heat resistance, enabling them for a wide range of applications in petrochemical, aviation, and space industries [5]. For instance, when aircrafts work at super-high speeds, their engine and surface temperatures are quite high where titanium alloy is more suitable than an aluminum alloy or other lightweight metal alloys because titanium alloy maintains very good strength and stability in relatively high-temperature atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, when aircrafts work at super-high speeds, their engine and surface temperatures are quite high where titanium alloy is more suitable than an aluminum alloy or other lightweight metal alloys because titanium alloy maintains very good strength and stability in relatively high-temperature atmosphere. ey can be bonded with many kinds of steels to achieve multi-functional applications [4,5]. 316L (Fe-18Cr-11Ni) stainless steel is widely used for its relatively low cost and low corrosion rate which is attributed to inner chromium oxide region and outer mixed ironnickel oxide region [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Diffusion Bonding between Titanium Alloys and Stainless Steels

Song

Fang

et al. 2018

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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High-quality joints between titanium alloys and stainless steels have found applications for nuclear, petrochemical, cryogenic, and aerospace industries due to their relatively low cost, lightweight, high corrosion resistance, and appreciable mechanical properties.is article reviews diffusion bonding between titanium alloys and stainless steels with or without interlayers. For diffusion bonding of a titanium alloy and a stainless steel without an interlayer, the optimized temperature is in the range of 800-950°C for a period of 60-120 min. Sound joint can be obtained, but brittle FeTi and Fe-Cr-Ti phases are formed at the interface. e development process of a joint mainly includes three steps: matching surface closure, growth of brittle intermetallic compounds, and formation of the Kirkendall voids. Growth kinetics of interfacial phases needs further clarification in terms of growth velocity of the reacting layer, moving speed of the phase interface, and the order for a new phase appears. e influence of Cu, Ni (or nickel alloy), and Ag interlayers on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints is systematically summarized. e content of FeTi and Fe-Cr-Ti phases at the interface can be declined significantly by the addition of an interlayer. Application of multi-interlayer well prevents the formation of intermetallic phases by forming solid solution at the interface, and parameters can be predicted by using a parabolic diffusion law. e selection of multi-interlayer was done based on two principles: no formation of brittle intermetallic phases and transitional physical properties between titanium alloy and stainless steel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Diffusion Bonding between Titanium Alloys and Stainless Steels

Song

Fang

et al. 2018

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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“…In addition, the feed rate for uniform supply was controlled via the developed algorithm [8].In the metallurgical point of view, another solution for issues of dissimilar joints is functionally graded materials (FGM) that gradually change the composition or properties. Including mild steel-STS FGM [9], various FGM such as Inconel-STS FGM [10,11], Ti6Al4V-STS FGM [12][13][14][15], Invar-STS FGM [16], and compositional gradient STS [17,18] have been manufactured. Especially mild steel and STS are the most widely used materials in structural parts, requiring their dissimilar welds for pipes, valves, and pressure vessels [19].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The Fe powder is employed in the transition zone between Cr and STS. Fe could be used for austenite-ferrite transition joints, but the brittle sigma phase at these interfaces should be controlled by adjusting the Cr content and cooling rate [13].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Process Parameters on Deposition Properties of Functionally Graded STS 316/Fe Manufactured by Laser Direct Metal Deposition

Nam

Cho

Kim

et al. 2018

Metals

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Stainless steel 316 (STS316)/Fe functionally graded materials were fabricated by direct energy deposition (DED) method using laser as a heat source. The feeding amount of the mixed powder was evaluated and the powder feeding condition was optimized through the section evaluation. The reliability of the powder feed was evaluated by regression analysis, and it was confirmed through the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) that the graded functional material of the designed composition was manufactured. Defects and microstructures were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). and cladding speed rate were the main parameters for controlling the clad layer width. Most of the deformation was at the clad height, but the clad bead side angle also depended on the powder feed rate and cladding speed. Saqib et al. [5] presented the result of laser cladding using P420 steel cladding powder deposited on low carbon structural steel plates. Process parameters such as laser power, scanning speed, and powder flow rate, among others, affected the bead height, width, penetration, area, dilution area, and bead shape. to process parameter relationships, the bead shape was analyzed using an artificial neural network (ANN). Calleja et al. [7,8] optimized the parameter value based on quantitative analysis and deviation of each parameters such as bead height, width, deposition rate, and wetting angle and assigned different weight factor to each parameters. In addition, the feed rate for uniform supply was controlled via the developed algorithm [8].In the metallurgical point of view, another solution for issues of dissimilar joints is functionally graded materials (FGM) that gradually change the composition or properties. Including mild steel-STS FGM [9], various FGM such as Inconel-STS FGM [10,11], Ti6Al4V-STS FGM [12][13][14][15], Invar-STS FGM [16], and compositional gradient STS [17,18] have been manufactured. Especially mild steel and STS are the most widely used materials in structural parts, requiring their dissimilar welds for pipes, valves, and pressure vessels [19]. However, the direct dissimilar joints cause defects at the interface, which originates from brittle phase formation, thermal deformation, solidification cracking, hydrogen cracking, porosity, and so on. Thus, it can lead to earlier failure than the expected life [20][21][22]. used V, Cr, and Fe elemental powder to make an FGM between Ti6Al4V and STS, because directly additive manufacturing results in fracture by intermetallic phases, FeTi and Fe 2 Ti. The Fe powder is employed in the transition zone between Cr and STS. Fe could be used for austenite-ferrite transition joints, but the brittle sigma phase at these interfaces should be controlled by adjusting the Cr content and cooling rate [13].

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“…It is necessary to provide wide complex of researches and tests. Titanium alloys are used in the following additive technology: melting layer by layer powder by electron beam (EBM) [1,2] or laser (SLM, SLS methods) [3,4], feeding melted powder or wire by plasma arc [5,6] or laser (DMLD) [7,8]. We suggest using laser metal deposition technology for manufacturing of titanium parts.…”

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confidence: 99%

Direct metal laser deposition of titanium powder Ti-6Al-4V

Bykovskiy

Petrovskiy

Sergeev

et al. 2017

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Abstract. The paper presents the results of mechanical properties study of the material produced by direct metal laser deposition of VT6 titanium powder. The properties were determined by the results of stretching at tensile testing machine, as well as compared with the properties of the same rolled material. These results show that obtained samples have properties on the level or even higher than that ones of the samples obtained from the rolled material in a certain range of technological regimes. IntroductionTitanium alloys have already well approved themselves in chemical, marine, aerospace industries. They are very strong, able to withstand heavy loads and have reduced mass. In addition, titanium alloys are used for manufacturing implants and prostheses. Tissues around such implants are not subjects to change. They are resistant to corrosion in aggressive environment of the human body, and oxide coating on their surface prevents the escape of the implant ions into the body. However, the manufacture of titanium parts and implants is strictly individual task, as it is a material, which is difficult to process. This fact significantly increases the cost of a product. There is a significant interest in using different additive technology for manufacturing titanium parts in recent times. It is necessary to provide wide complex of researches and tests. Titanium alloys are used in the following additive technology: melting layer by layer powder by electron beam (EBM) [1,2] or laser (SLM, SLS methods) [3,4], feeding melted powder or wire by plasma arc [5,6] or laser (DMLD) [7,8]. We suggest using laser metal deposition technology for manufacturing of titanium parts. This technology involves melting of metallic powder feeding through the nozzle coaxially with the radiation. When the nozzle moves along the surface, new metal layer will be formed after solidification. Thus, it is possible to produce parts of the desired shape. The research presents the results of the mechanical properties study of the samples obtained by laser metal deposition technology by different technological modes.

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Fabrication and characterization of a functionally graded material from Ti-6Al-4V to SS316 by laser metal deposition

Cited by 83 publications

References 27 publications

A Review on Diffusion Bonding between Titanium Alloys and Stainless Steels

A Review on Diffusion Bonding between Titanium Alloys and Stainless Steels

Effect of Process Parameters on Deposition Properties of Functionally Graded STS 316/Fe Manufactured by Laser Direct Metal Deposition

Direct metal laser deposition of titanium powder Ti-6Al-4V

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