Fabrication and characterization of HA-oyster shell based on biopolymer - propolis as an agent of dental enamel remineralization material

Abstract

This study aims to make gel composites by synthesizing and characterizing hydroxyapatite (HA) from oyster shell (Crassostrea gigas) as an essential ingredient for remineralization gel in teeth. The method used to synthesize HA is the precipitation method. HA is synthesized with a variation of calcination for 8 hours at 1000°C and aging time for 24 hours to get the best result. The size of the HA crystal obtained is 14 ± 4 nm, with a degree of crystallinity of 91.54%. The result of the HA-oyster shell is used to synthesize gel composites. The gels used as parameters are composition variations: basis gel (basis gel as a negative control), HA gel, propolis gel, and HA-propolis gel. The essential ingredients of oyster shell, HA, and composite gels are treated by physicochemical tests in SEM, XRD, and FTIR characterization. The gel composites are treated using antibacterial tests with Streptococcus mutants, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The antibacterial test aims to determine the inhibition of bacteria that cause caries in teeth. The best antibacterial test results are found in HA-propolis gel with the inhibition zone diameter of S.Mutants 22 ± 0.2 mm, S. Sanguinis 22 ± 0.3 mm, and L.Acidophilus 21 ± 0.2 mm. In addition to the antibacterial test, the gel was treated with a feasibility test to determine the viability of viable cells (MC3T3-E1) when incubated for 48 hours. The MTT test shows that the results of the HA gel sample gave significant cell growth, which was 92.80% at the low concentration. The physicochemical, antibacterial, and MTT (Viability) test results confirm that the HA-propolis gel composite could potentially improve dental enamel caries with the remineralization process.

Functionalized cellulose nanofibrils in carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite nanorod-based scaffold from long-spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) shells reinforced with polyvinyl alcohol for alveolar bone tissue engineering

“…The biogenic materials can be derived from marine shells, such as abalone mussel shells, green mussel shells, oyster shells, and sand lobster shells, all with high levels of Ca. [15][16][17][18] This study used long-spined sea urchin (LSSU, Diadema setosum) shells from Indonesia that had never been used for HAp nanorod synthesis. The Ca content of the shells under the effect of the calcination temperature has been studied in previous research and was found to be over 93%.…”

Properties of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite-Based Scaffold from Oyster Shells Composited with Honeycomb and Polyethylene Oxide for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

“…The fabrication method was divided into two steps: (1) synthesis of CHA referring to research [16,17] using the precipitation method, and (2) fabrication of scaffolds using the freeze-drying method.…”

Porous scaffold hydroxyapatite from sand lobster shells (Panulirus homarus) using polyethylene oxide/chitosan as polymeric porogen for bone tissue engineering

“…The XRD (PANanalytical Type X'Pert Pro, Japan) was used to identify the crystal structure of the samples, and its data were processed by Origin Pro 8 software and presented as a curve that displays the peaks of the diffraction results, which was achieved by Gaussian fitting at the selected peaks to attain values of the 2θ and the full width at half maximum. 26 The fitting diffraction peaks were matched with JCPDS. These data can be used to obtain the lattice parameters, crystal size, microstrain, and degree of crystallinity of the SL shells, HAp, and scaffold samples.…”