Fabrication and evaluation of a highly durable and reliable chloride monitoring sensor for civil infrastructure

Karthick, S.; Kwon, Seung-Jun; Lee, Han Seung; Muralidharan, S.; Saraswathy, V.; Rethinam, Natarajan

doi:10.1039/c7ra05532c

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…e observed performance of the sensors is governed by an exchange equilibrium, where the expected continuous transformation of AgCl to silver oxide changes the activity of silver ions (Ag + ) near the silver substrate. As a result, a mixed potential develops at the sensors' surface [14,26], shifting the OCP from around 150 mV towards 99 mV (versus SCE) [25,27,28]. e di erence between the initial OCP value and that established after 6 days is wider for sensor A (40 mV) than for sensor D (20 mV).…”

Section: Chloride-free Alkaline Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

Potentiometric Response of Ag/AgCl Chloride Sensors in Model Alkaline Medium

Pargar

Kolev

Koleva

et al. 2018

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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The stability and reproducibility of an Ag/AgCl sensors’ response in an alkaline medium are important for the application of these sensors in cementitious materials. The sensors’ response, or their open circuit potential (OCP), reflects a dynamic equilibrium at the sensor/environment interface. The OCP response in an alkaline medium is affected by the presence of hydroxide ions. The interference of hydroxide ions leads to inaccuracies or a delay in the sensors’ response to a certain chloride content. In this article, the potentiometric response (or OCP evolution) of the chloride sensors is measured in model solutions, resembling the concrete pore water. The scatter of the sensors’ OCP is discussed with respect to the interference of hydroxide ions at varying chloride concentration in the medium. The deviation of the sensor’s response from its ideal performance (determined by the Nernst law) is attributed to dechlorination of the AgCl layer and the formation of Ag2O on the sensor’s surface. Results from the surface XPS analysis of the AgCl layer before and after treatment in alkaline medium confirm these observations in view of chemical transformation of AgCl to Ag2O.

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Section: Chloride-free Alkaline Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

Potentiometric Response of Ag/AgCl Chloride Sensors in Model Alkaline Medium

Pargar

Kolev

Koleva

et al. 2018

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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“…concentration near the rebar without changing the surrounding environment (Angst and Polder, 2014). This is because the electrode shows a Nernstian response to the variation in Cl − or Ag + activity and displays excellent sensitivity (Karthick et al, 2017). Here, the concrete has a strong alkalinity (pH 12.5-13.5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The as-fabricated Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrode (Ag/AgCl ISE) used in this method acts as the WE, which when embedded in the sensor device can be used to determine free Cl − concentration near the rebar without changing the surrounding environment (Angst and Polder, 2014 ). This is because the electrode shows a Nernstian response to the variation in Cl − or Ag + activity and displays excellent sensitivity (Karthick et al, 2017 ). Here, the concrete has a strong alkalinity (pH 12.5–13.5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Ag/AgCl Chloride Ion Sensor Based on Gel-Type Electrolyte

et al. 2020

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In this study, a novel chloride ion (Cl −) sensor based on Ag wire coated with an AgCl layer was fabricated using a gel-type internal electrolyte and a diatomite ceramic membrane, which played an important role in preventing electrolyte leakage from the ion-selective electrode. The sensing performance, including reversibility, response, recovery time, low detection limit, and the long-term stability, was systemically investigated in electrolytes with different Cl − contents. The as-fabricated Cl − sensor could detect Cl − from 1 to 500 mM KCl solution with good linearity. The best response and recovery time obtained for the optimized sensor were 0.5 and 0.1 s, respectively, for 10 mM KCl solution. An exposure period of over 60 days was used to evaluate the stability of the Cl − sensor in KCl solution. A relative error of 2% was observed between the initial and final response potentials. Further, a wireless sensing system based on Arduino was also investigated to measure the response potential of Cl − in an electrolyte. The sensor exhibited high reliability with a low standard error of measurement. This type of sensor is crucial for fabricating wireless Cl − sensors for applications in reinforced concrete structures along with favorable performances.

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“…Moreover, the stability of the Cl − sensors to pH changes and other major interfering ions (which come from the environment and/or the concrete ingredients) should be assured. There are studies that have evaluated the performance of potentiometric ISEs in monitoring Cl − concentration in concrete [32,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

Section: Potentiometric Chloride Ion Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Karthick et al [45] produce a solid-state alkaline stable polymer-coated Ag/AgCl sensor for monitoring of Cl − concentration in concrete structure. The alkaline stability of the sensor and the coating material were evaluated in synthetic concrete pore solution and characterized using advanced tests, including half-cell potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD).…”

Section: Potentiometric Chloride Ion Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous Corrosion Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures: Feasibility Study

Taffese

Nigussie

2020

Sensors

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In this work, technological feasibility of autonomous corrosion assessment of reinforced concrete structures is studied. Corrosion of reinforcement bars (rebar), induced by carbonation or chloride penetration, is one of the leading causes for deterioration of concrete structures throughout the globe. Continuous nondestructive in-service monitoring of carbonation through pH and chloride ion (Cl−) concentration in concrete is indispensable for early detection of corrosion and making appropriate decisions, which ultimately make the lifecycle management of RC structures optimal from resources and safety perspectives. Critical state-of-the-art review of pH and Cl− sensors revealed that the majority of the sensors have high sensitivity, reliability, and stability in concrete environment, though the experiments were carried out for relatively short periods. Among the reviewed works, only three attempted to monitor Cl− wirelessly, albeit over a very short range. As part of the feasibility study, this work recommends the use of internet of things (IoT) and machine learning for autonomous corrosion condition assessment of RC structures.

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Fabrication and evaluation of a highly durable and reliable chloride monitoring sensor for civil infrastructure

Abstract: A solid-state alkaline stable polymer coated Ag/AgCl sensor was fabricated for chloride sensing in concrete structures.

Cited by 19 publications

References 45 publications

Potentiometric Response of Ag/AgCl Chloride Sensors in Model Alkaline Medium

Potentiometric Response of Ag/AgCl Chloride Sensors in Model Alkaline Medium

Facial Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Ag/AgCl Chloride Ion Sensor Based on Gel-Type Electrolyte

Autonomous Corrosion Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures: Feasibility Study

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