“…Fiber optic biosensors have been exploited as sensor platforms for a variety of applications such as sensing glucose 35 – 42 , sucrose 36 , heavy metal ions such as lead, copper, cobalt, cadmium 43 – 45 , amino acids 46 , cholesterol 47 , triacylglycerides 48 , urea 49 , ascorbic acid 50 , DNA 34 , 51 , proteins including thrombin 52 – 54 , cancer biomarkers 55 , 56 and cytokeratin 57 , 58 , antibodies 59 , bacterial 60 – 62 and mammalian cells 63 , 64 .…”