Fabrication and In Vitro Drug Delivery Evaluation of Cephalexin Monohydrate-Loaded PLA:PVA/HAP:TiO₂ Fibrous Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Owing to the excellent osteoconductive property of hydroxyapatite, we aimed to design a cephalexin monohydrate-loaded PLA:PVA/HAP:TiO 2 nanofibrous scaffold to improve the drug delivery efficiency toward bone regenerative applications. In this study, HAP:TiO 2 (anatase and rutile phases) samples were prepared by a coprecipitation method, which were later blended with PLA:PVA polymeric solution (with and without the drug) to fabricate a nanofibrous matrix via the electrospinning technique. All the prepared samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, porosity, and tensile strength tests. Further, in vitro biodegradation and the drug-releasing ability were examined by varying the concentration of cephalexin monohydrate in the composite matrix. Deposition of the apatite layer on the scaffolds was examined after incubation in simulated body fluid solution to confirm the bioactivity of the prepared nanofibers. Biocompatibility by the MTT assay and osteogenic differentiation by ARS staining were evaluated by culturing MG63 cells on PLA:PVA/HAP:TiO 2 nanofibers, which could ensue better support for cell proliferation. Consequently, the sustained release profile and better biocompatibility of the scaffolds revealed a strong potential use in bone regenerative applications. ■ HIGHLIGHTS• Antibiotic drug-embedded anatase-and rutile-phase TiO 2 /HAP nanofibrous scaffolds were successfully fabricated using an electrospinning technique. • Antibiotic drug CEM-loaded PLA:PVA/HAP:TiO 2 electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds revealed a better sustained release and antibacterial efficacy, and osteogenic differentiation was examined by ARS staining. • The mechanical study, hemocompatibility assay, and cell viability assessment were compared and interpreted for effective use of the prepared nanofibers in bone regenerative applications. • The incorporation of CEM in spinning solution forms strong covalent linkages that can enhance better releasing progress than the scaffolds loaded via physical adsorption.

Comparative Analysis of Electrospun Silk Fibroin/Chitosan Sandwich-Structured Scaffolds for Osteo Regeneration: Evaluating Mechanical Properties, Biological Performance, and Drug Release

“…The CEM drug is the most prevailing β-lactam antibiotic agent against bacterial infections that includes the gastrointestinal tract, soft tissue, urinary tract, eye, bone, skin, ear, respiratory tract, etc. In our previous finding, we reported the mechanism of the CEM drug, interfering with the bacterial cell wall, causing a rupture and annihilating the bacteria . The drug delivery property of the sandwich-like layered scaffolds was evaluated using the CEM drug.…”

“…In our previous finding, we reported the mechanism of the CEM drug, interfering with the bacterial cell wall, causing a rupture and annihilating the bacteria. 71 The drug delivery property of the sandwich-like layered scaffolds was evaluated using the CEM drug. Figure 14 i represents the loading efficiency of the nanofibers measured by UV–visible spectroscopy.…”

Biomimetic mineralization of platelet lysate/oxidized dextran cryogel as a macroporous 3D composite scaffold for bone repair

“…Crystal phase identification of PL/OD scaffolds was performed by XRD analysis. 1) [42,43]. On the other hand, other diffraction peaks observed at 45.2 • , 56.2 • ; and 66 • may have originated from NaCl crystallization in the scaffolds [44].…”

Recent Advances in Formulations for Long-Acting Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides

“…The use of scaffolds has been widespread in biomedical applications for tissue engineering, which involves designing implantable biomimetic structures of organs or in vivo microenvironments, ,, as well as for sustained/controlled drug release. ,,,,,− The recent literature has reported scaffolds prepared using synthetic materials (e.g., polymers/polymeric hydrogels) , or naturally derived biomaterials ,,− or a combination of both . These materials can exhibit high biocompatibility and biodegradability, and provide a suitable microenvironment for cell growth, proliferation and differentiation, and tissue regeneration enhancement …”