Fabrication of a functionally graded and magnetically responsive shape memory polymer using a 3D printing technique and its characterization

Abstract

In this study, a three‐dimensional printing technique is applied for the fabrication of novel functionally graded magnetic shape memory polymers (SMPs) to create high‐resolution multimaterial shape memory architectures. This approach is applied to a copolymer network of photocurable methacrylate using high projection stereolithography. Carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) were physically embedded in a polymer matrix to add magnetic functions to the SMPs. The glass transition characteristics and shape memory effect were also investigated by varying the composition of the SMP. The microstructured, lightweight SMPs showed interesting shape memory behaviors, as observed in hot environment. The almost perfect strain recovery rate of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate was measured (99.95% using a tension set bar). The results of dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis reveal an increment in the thermal conductivity after embedding the CIPs. Further, the results of dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy reveal close interaction between the particles and matrix. X‐ray diffraction was used to characterize the iron particles and polymer structure. These results, along with the electrical and magnetic tests, strongly support the remote controllability of the material properties of the present functionally graded magnetic SMPs for a broad range of temperature and/or magnetically responsive material applications by using eddy current heating and/or magnetorheological polymeric effects. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45997.

Designing triple‐shape memory polymers from a miscible polymer pair through dual‐electrospinning technique

“…Shape memory polymers (SMPs), a class of stimuli‐responsive materials, are able to switch from temporary shape(s) to their original shape upon the application of specific external stimuli, such as heat, infrared light, electricity, radio frequency, alternating magnetic field, and solvent …”

Hybrid Materials for Functional 3D Printing

“…Incorporation of magnetic materials into a printable matrix enables printing of complex 3D shapes and structures with magnetic properties and fabrication of actuators, sensing devices, reinforced structures, and medical devices …”

“…Conventionally, various metal alloys such as stainless steel microparticles, Ni–Mn–Ga with shape memory properties, powders of NdFeB microparticles, metal oxide powders such as iron oxide, alumina platelets, magnetized alumina platelets, NiO/Fe 2 O 3 and BaCO 3 /Fe 2 O 3 , and metallic iron particles, were utilized as the magnetic materials. These magnetic materials were embedded into various matrices formed by acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylated polyethylene glycol: polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), acryloyl modified polyethylene glycol or a mixture of benzyl methacrylate and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), epoxy based photoresist (SU‐8), bifunctional acrylic monomer, acrylated polyurethane, polycaprolactone (PCL), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polylactic acid (PLA), and commercial binder followed by urethane resin coating . As was demonstrated, iron oxide particles are the most popular materials in use and they were embedded in a variety of materials …”

“…The second report by Hassan et al presented unique selection of materials . It was suggested that embedding magnetic particles in a shape memory polymer (SMP) would result in a material with shape memory mechanism and magnetically triggered actuation.…”

“…Magnetically functionalized materials can be 3D printed using a number of methods, such as FDM, SLA, and DLP, DIW by extrusion, binder jetting, and TPP …”