“…Antibacterial surfaces can be obtained with antifouling strategy (antibacterial adhesion), bactericidal strategy (bacterial killing), or their combination. − Bionic subbacterial nanostructures mimicking the dragonfly wings, lotus leaf, and shark skin present inspiring antibacterial capacity because of the reduced contact area between the bacteria and the material surfaces. − Unfortunately, the infection may occur on these nanostructured surfaces due to the limited antibacterial efficiency . Moreover, the high cost and time-consuming fabrication process (e.g., nanoimprint lithography or plasma etching) further impede their wide clinical application. − Recently, metal ions such as silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) ions have been applied to modify the medical implant surfaces to inhibit bacterial colonization. − These metal ions could kill bacteria by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) through Fenton reactions or disrupting bacterial membranes by binding with the sulfhydryl groups of the bacterial membranes. , Meanwhile, the AgNO 3 can be used to deposit Ag nanoparticles on the material surfaces . However, a high concentration of antibacterial ions can also disrupt the cell membrane, resulting in detrimental cytotoxic effects. , That is, to improve the therapeutic efficacy of medical devices, antibacterial and biocompatible surfaces are highly desirable.…”