“…Two- (2D) and three-dimensionally (3D) ordered nanomaterials have attracted much interest due to their potential applications, for example, in photonics, in electronics, and as nano-mechanics. Periodically nano-ordered structures should impart interesting photonic properties to films composed of photonic crystals, above and beyond the intrinsic luminescent and piezoelectric properties of the materials. , Extensive studies involving various chemical and physical techniques have recently led to the development of advanced materials having structures with periodicity on the nanometer scale. − Using these periodic structures as templates, well-ordered structures were prepared through templating techniques. Template methods using colloidal crystals such as silica or polystyrene provide a simple and effective route for fabricating 3D well-ordered materials. − Filling these templates with high-refractive-index materials such as TiO 2 and subsequently removing the template yields inverse opal structures. ,− 2D well-ordered materials are fabricated through infiltration of semiconductor or organic molds having evenly spaced holes. − However, in the fabrication of highly structured materials, infiltrating the templates sometimes results in incomplete filling because of the presence of voids and seam.…”