A nanofibrous composite reverse osmosis
(RO) membrane
with a polyamide
barrier layer containing interfacial water channels was fabricated
on an electrospun nanofibrous substrate via an interfacial polymerization
process. The RO membrane was employed for desalination of brackish
water and exhibited enhanced permeation flux as well as rejection
ratio. Nanocellulose was prepared by sequential oxidations of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl
(TEMPO) and sodium periodate systems and surface grafting with different
alkyl groups including octyl, decanyl, dodecanyl, tetradecanyl, cetyl,
and octadecanyl groups. The chemical structure of the modified nanocellulose
was verified subsequently by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermal
gravimetric analysis (TGA), and solid NMR measurements. Two monomers,
trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and m-phenylenediamine (MPD),
were employed to prepare a cross-linked polyamide matrix, i.e., the
barrier layer of the RO membrane, which integrated with the alkyl
groups-grafted nanocellulose to build up interfacial water channels
via interfacial polymerization. The top and cross-sectional morphologies
of the composite barrier layer were observed by means of scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) to verify the integration structure of the
nanofibrous composite containing water channels. The aggregation and
distribution of water molecules in the nanofibrous composite RO membrane
verified the existence of water channels, demonstrated by molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations. The desalination performance of the nanofibrous
composite RO membrane was conducted and compared with that of commercially
available RO membranes in the processing of brackish water, where
3 times higher permeation flux and 99.1% rejection ratio against NaCl
were accomplished. This indicated that the engineering of interfacial
water channels in the barrier layer could substantially increase the
permeation flux of the nanofibrous composite membrane while retaining
the high rejection ratio as well, i.e., to break through the trade-off
between permeation flux and rejection ratio. Antifouling properties,
chlorine resistance, and long-term desalination performance were also
demonstrated to evaluate the potential applications of the nanofibrous
composite RO membrane; remarkable durability and robustness were achieved
in addition to 3 times higher permeation flux and a higher rejection
ratio against commercial RO membranes in brackish water desalination.