Fabrication of large-diameter radial gradient-index lenses by ion exchange of Na+ for Li+ in titania silicate glass

Visconti, Anthony J.; Bentley, Julie

doi:10.1117/1.oe.52.11.112103

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Amongst the polymers, thermoplastics such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, etc., with RI comparable to glass, are used. [12,147,148] Fabrication methods such as interdiffusion, [149][150][151][152][153] 3D printing, [154][155][156] direct laser writing, [157][158][159][160][161] and molding of GRIN blank [12,147,162] have been reported. GRIN prepared by inter-diffusion involves either the exchange of ions at the surface of inorganic glass immersed in an ionic bath [149,150,152] (see Figure 6a), or diffusion of miscible monomers/pre-polymer solutions having different RI, [12,153,163] respectively.…”

Section: Optical Gradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[133][134][135][136]307] Most FGM fabrication techniques, however, generally allow for a small gradient span that can be obtained within a reasonable fab-rication time. [149,308] For instance, it took 12-24 days to produce a GRIN-lens based on ion diffusion (i.e., component redistribution) of a cylindrical iso-index glass rod of only 1 cm diameter. [309] The slow fabrication speed is attributed to the slow diffusion, which is proportional to the square of the gradient span.…”

Section: Needs Challenges and Potential Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[12,147,148] Fabrication methods such as interdiffusion, [149][150][151][152][153] 3D printing, [154][155][156] direct laser writing, [157][158][159][160][161] and molding of GRIN blank [12,147,162] have been reported. GRIN prepared by inter-diffusion involves either the exchange of ions at the surface of inorganic glass immersed in an ionic bath [149,150,152] (see Figure 6a), or diffusion of miscible monomers/pre-polymer solutions having different RI, [12,153,163] respectively. Polymeric OGMs are prepared through several diffusion-based techniques such as diffusion copolymerization, [153,164,165] extrusion copolymerization, [166][167][168] interfacial gel copolymerization, [169][170][171] photo-copolymerization, [146,172,173] centrifugal diffusing polymerization, [148,166,168] suspension polymerization, [174,175] etc.…”

Section: Optical Gradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adapted with permission. [149] Copyright 2013, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), b) high-temperature, high-pressure molding of forced assembly of a consolidated stack of 40 000 nanolayers of iso-index polymer layers: the GRIN blank approach. Adapted with permission.…”

Section: Mechanical Gradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Pragya

Ghosh

2023

Advanced Materials

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Functionally gradient materials (FGM) have gradual variations in their properties along one or more dimensions due to local compositional or structural distinctions by design. Traditionally, hard materials (e.g., metals, ceramics) have been used to design and fabricate FGMs; however, there has been increasing interest in polymer‐based soft and compliant FGMs mainly because of their potential application in the human environment. Soft FGMs are not only ideally suitable to manage interfacial problems in dissimilar materials used in many emerging devices and systems for human interaction, such as soft robotics and electronic textiles and beyond. Soft systems are ubiquitous in our everyday lives; they are resilient and can easily deform, absorb energy and adapt to changing environments. Here, we discuss the basic design and functional principles of biological FGMs and their manmade counterparts using representative examples. The remarkable multifunctional properties of natural FGMs resulting from their sophisticated hierarchical structures, built from a relatively limited choice of materials, offer a rich source of new design paradigms and manufacturing strategies for manmade materials and systems for emerging technological needs. Finally, we highlight the challenges and potential pathways to leverage soft materials' facile processability and unique properties to wards functional FGMs.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Section: Optical Gradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Needs Challenges and Potential Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optical Gradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanical Gradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Pragya

Ghosh

2023

Advanced Materials

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“…GRIN materials are characterized by a refractive index distribution that varies spatially in a controlled manner [5]. They are typically manufactured by ion-exchange process [6,7], although their fabrication has also been accomplished by neutron irradiation [8], chemical vapour deposition (CVD) [9] and sol-gel techniques [10,11]. Sol-gel allows the incorporation of dopants such as rare-earth elements in an easy way.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sol-Gel Glass Coating Synthesis for Different Applications: Active Gradient-Index Materials, Microlens Arrays and Biocompatible Channels

Gómez‐Varela¹,

Aymerich²,

García³

et al. 2017

Recent Applications in Sol-Gel Synthesis

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The intent of this chapter is to review the use of sol-gel processing of silica and silica-titania optical coatings in recent research by the authors in three different areas: the synthesis of active gradient-index (GRIN) materials by multilayer deposition of erbium-and ytterbiumdoped silica-titania films, the improvement of the optical and morphological qualities of microlens arrays fabricated by laser ablation and the functionalization of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel preclinical devices. Through the use of sol-gel, layers with specific properties can be produced. In this regard, undoped and erbium-and ytterbium-doped SiO 2-TiO 2 films have been produced and characterized using atomic force microscopy (surface topography evaluation) and spectral ellipsometry (determination of optical constants, thickness and porosity of the films). In a second application, a silica sol has been synthesized to coat microlens arrays fabricated by laser ablation. The deposited layer reduces the surface roughness of the microlens array, which yields the improvement of the contrast and the homogeneity of the foci. Finally, PDMS channels fabricated with laser technologies and soft-lithography methods are coated with a sol-gel-derived silica film to avoid the degradation of the material with organic solvents, and their biocompatibility is studied.

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Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Diffraction Intensity of Gradient Refractive-Index Lenses

Liu

et al. 2017

J Russ Laser Res

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Fabrication of large-diameter radial gradient-index lenses by ion exchange of Na+ for Li+ in titania silicate glass

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Sol-Gel Glass Coating Synthesis for Different Applications: Active Gradient-Index Materials, Microlens Arrays and Biocompatible Channels

Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Diffraction Intensity of Gradient Refractive-Index Lenses

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