“…102 Several methods have been used for porous scaffold fabrication, including molding, 57 foaming, 21 leaching, 64 template-casting, 45 machining, 27 layer-by-layer assembly (LBL), 71 lithographic techniques, 67 and additive manufacturing. 107 Metals, such as titanium, 18 tantalum, 118 and magnesium, 109 ceramics such as calcium phosphate, 113 and polymers ranging from polyesters, 79 polyurethanes, 15 and polycarbonates, 65 to more specialized chemistries, such as polyanhydrides, 99 polyphosphazenes, 86 and polypropylene fumarates, 23 have provided a basic array of materials that can be used for scaffold fabrication. By themselves, however, rigid scaffold frameworks cannot promote the full biofunctionality that a vascularized BTE construct requires.…”