Fabrication of Sn-doped ZnO hexagonal micro discs anchored on rGO for electrochemical detection of anti-androgen drug flutamide in water and biological samples

A low-cost and facile electrochemical sensor for the trace-level recognition of flutamide in biofluids using large-area bimetallic NiCo2O4 micro flowers

“…The sensor exhibited a comparatively low LOD covering the minimum safe level of flutamide in clinical trials, which makes the sensor an ideal platform for bioanalytical applications. The previously reported flutamide sensors that exhibited a decent performance were mostly based on rareearth metal composites (e.g., lanthanum cobaltite), 31 carbon materials (e.g., graphene oxides, reduced graphene oxides and multiwalled carbon nanotubes), 3,32 other mono-metal transition oxides (e.g., tin oxide) and their composites, 1,33 which are costineffective and demand complex synthesis and fabrication procedures. Recently, a report from our laboratory reported the SERS-based trace-level detection of flutamide in human blood serum samples.…”

“…2,3 Besides, this drug is used for hormonal treatments such as polycystic ovary syndrome. 4 Its overdosage has adverse side effects such as diarrhoea, drowsiness, inflamed prostate, rectal bleeding, liver malfunction, etc. 4 Thus, a highly selective and sensitive analytical technique for the detection of flutamide in biofluids is crucial during the treatment and post-treatment of prostate cancer.…”

“…4 Its overdosage has adverse side effects such as diarrhoea, drowsiness, inflamed prostate, rectal bleeding, liver malfunction, etc. 4 Thus, a highly selective and sensitive analytical technique for the detection of flutamide in biofluids is crucial during the treatment and post-treatment of prostate cancer. 5 Over the years, a wide variety of analytical techniques such as flow injection (FI), spectrophotometry, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with high sensitivity have been reported for flutamide detection in various biological fluids like urine, blood serum, etc.…”

“…5 Over the years, a wide variety of analytical techniques such as flow injection (FI), spectrophotometry, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with high sensitivity have been reported for flutamide detection in various biological fluids like urine, blood serum, etc. 4,6 However, most of the analytical techniques comprise tedious protocols with time-consuming procedures and pre-treatment of the samples, thus making them unsuitable for miniaturization and real-time point-of-care applications. 7 Electrochemical analysis has attracted considerable attention due to its simplicity, portability, being low-cost, and having a rapid response with high selectivity, stability, and sensitivity towards the detection of flutamide in biofluids.…”

Synthesis and application of a 0D/2D nanocomposite for the nanomolar level detection of an antiandrogen drug

“…The expected reduction mechanism of FLU is shown in Scheme 1. 29,30 3.4 Electrochemical determination of FLU for the Gr/ Sr@FeNi-S/GnRbs modified electrode To elucidate the sensitivity and linear detection range, DPV analysis was performed under standard conditions. Fig.…”