Fabrication techniques and applications of two-dimensional photonic crystal: history and the present status

Abstract

The idea of photonic crystal came to be when E. Yablonovitch and S. John recommended a structure in 1987 having periodic alteration of refractive index in one or multiple directions. Photonic crystals have the potential to manipulate and tailor the flow of light across the crystal, which gives advantage to invent many photonic devices on the microscopic scale having very small footprints. In recent years several articles have been published on the advances of photonic crystal-based structures. This review article mainly focuses on the several fabrication techniques of photonic crystals and their applications in different fields. Several photonic crystalbased structures such as logic gates, optical sensors, polarization beam splitters, and absorbers for solar cells are reviewed in this paper to show recent advancements on this trending topic. Also, a brief review of the different steps of fabrication of photonic crystals and different fabrication methods proposed by researchers is articulated in this paper.

Detection of viral and bacterial diseases using 2D photonic crystal-based elliptical ring resonator sensor

“…The lattice constant is defined as the distance between the two rods (a). [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The silicon rods are placed in the X and Y directions in the air background on a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) slab. Figure 1 shows the top XY view of the proposed sensor.…”

“…In the proposed model, we optimized the RR structure, lattice constant, and height of the rods inside and outside the coupling cavity. In this paper, the sensitivity is defined as the ratio of shift in the resonance wavelength (Δλ) according to the change in the RI (Δn) and is given as [9][10][11][12]17 E Q -T A R G E T ; t e m p : i n t r a l i n k -; s e c 4 . 1 ; 1 1 6 ; 6 9 9…”

“…The FOM for this proposed design is 346.07 for a resonance wavelength of 1563.4, which is quite high compared with other modeled designs. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] This paper illustrates the detection of viral and bacterial diseases using a PhC-based elliptical RR. The change in the RI of normal to infectious human blood and cell leads to the shift in the resonance wavelength.…”

“…6 The proposed model is compact and compatible for both silicon-on-insulator (SOI) as well as complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. [7][8][9][10] PhCs are usually available in 1D, 2D, and 3D designs. 2D PhCs show noticeable results as they have two directional degrees of freedom for dielectric constant, so they are widely used for sensing applications.…”

“…6,7 It is most widely used for the sensing of different physical parameters using PhCs. [8][9][10] The proposed work is based on the spectrum analysis, which considers the variation of resonance wavelength. [11][12][13][14][15] In this paper, detection of the bacterial cells is performed using the well-established concept of RI change.…”