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The idea of photonic crystal came to be when E. Yablonovitch and S. John recommended a structure in 1987 having periodic alteration of refractive index in one or multiple directions. Photonic crystals have the potential to manipulate and tailor the flow of light across the crystal, which gives advantage to invent many photonic devices on the microscopic scale having very small footprints. In recent years several articles have been published on the advances of photonic crystal-based structures. This review article mainly focuses on the several fabrication techniques of photonic crystals and their applications in different fields. Several photonic crystalbased structures such as logic gates, optical sensors, polarization beam splitters, and absorbers for solar cells are reviewed in this paper to show recent advancements on this trending topic. Also, a brief review of the different steps of fabrication of photonic crystals and different fabrication methods proposed by researchers is articulated in this paper.

The paper illustrates a photonic crystal micro ring resonator based pressure sensor utilizing the variation of refractive index of the material and the structural deformation. FEM is employed for reformed structure analysis. Structural deformation and change in refractive index are taken as input variables in FDTD simulation and the external pressure is measured by analyzing shift in resonance wavelength. A comparative study of the rod type and the hole type photonic crystal micro ring resonator based pressure sensor is reported in this paper. Both the structures are ultra compact and can be used for compact photonic integrated circuits.dynamic range, FDTD, FEM, micro ring resonator, photonic crystal, pressure sensor | INTRODUCTIONPhotonic crystals (PhC) are artificially created periodic microstructure of two dielectric materials of different refractive indices (RI). This type of periodic arrangement creates a photonic band gap (PBG) through which electromagnetic waves of a range of particular wavelength are restricted to propagate. 1 The wide constitutional specifications range in the PhC provides the flexibility to control the properties of PhC based devices. [2][3][4][5] Thus the manipulation of the electromagnetic waves is possible in the PhC based devices by the use of different dielectric materials and by varying the geometrical parameters like the lattice distance of crystal structure and the radius of the rods of the PhCs. This unique property of the PhCs has opened up a new window in the area of photonic sensors. PhC based structures have numerous applications in the designing of logic and arithmetic operations. Recently M. Mohammadi et al. published an article on the design and simulation of a half adder based on grapheme ring resonators. The output spectrum of the model was analyzed using Finite-difference-timedomain (FDTD) and coupled-mode theory (CMT) method. 6 PhC based cascaded ring resonator structures are also used by different researchers to design different multiplexer and demultiplexer circuits. [7][8][9] Among the two approaches, used for the sensing purposes based on PhC namely the intensity variation and the spectrum analysis, the later one is usually preferred because of its higher sensitivity. 10 Recently, new fields of research Uttara Biswas, Bhuvneshwer Suthar, Deepak Kumar, and Chittaranjan Nayak contributed equally to this work.