Facial Gender Affirmation Surgery: Facial Feminization Surgery and Facial Masculinization Surgery

Deschamps-Braly, Jordan C.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29093-1_12

Cited by 26 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Most of the current publications 10,17,25,26 have reported complete FFS as a single surgery. This involves 8 to 9 hours of surgery under general anesthesia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Feminization Surgery: A Review of 220 Consecutive Patients

Telang

2020

Indian J Plast Surg

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Background Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is a combination of facial bony and soft tissue surgeries designed to modify and convert a masculine face to feminine. One’s face plays a very central role in gender incongruence and FFS helps patients overcome this. There are prominent differences between the male and the female facial anatomy (bony and soft tissue) which can be surgically altered to change the visual perception of the face. Methods The author presents the method used at his center for treating 220 patients of gender incongruence requesting FFS from June 2016 to June 2019. The alterations to known methods of forehead contouring, hairline lowering, and jaw shave adopted by his team are discussed. He also presents the logic of performing the entire FFS in two stages at an interval of 7 to 10 days. Results A total of 220 cases of FFS are presented, along with surgical details of techniques used, the sequence and staging of procedures performed, and the results obtained. A two-staged approach to FFS is proposed to maximize the recovery and minimize complications and promote faster healing. Different methods of forehead contouring are also explained in detail. Conclusions FFS is a very rewarding surgery for the plastic surgeon and has high patient satisfaction rate. With proper training in craniomaxillofacial and soft tissue surgery, it is possible for the plastic surgeon to be the main team leader for this procedure. A two-stage approach is highly recommended.

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“…Most of the current publications 10,17,25,26 have reported complete FFS as a single surgery. This involves 8 to 9 hours of surgery under general anesthesia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Feminization Surgery: A Review of 220 Consecutive Patients

Telang

2020

Indian J Plast Surg

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“…What is now known as FGCS had its initial moniker as facial feminization surgery (FFS) and was a field pioneered by Dr. Douglas Ousterhout in San Francisco in the mid 1980s (1,2). FFS was originally described as a series of procedures in order to feminize a transgender man's face which arose out of a need for validation of the transwomen in carrying out their new social role as a woman.…”

Section: History Of Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery (Fgcs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FGCS is technically demanding and requires an amalgamation of skills ranging from craniofacial to aesthetic to general plastic surgery principles. FGCS thus has a steep learning curve (2,3) and it is prudent to use any and all tools at one's disposal.…”

Section: Access To Care and Medical Necessitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Narrative review of facial gender surgery: approaches and techniques for the frontal sinus and upper third of the face

Louis¹,

Travieso²,

Oles³

et al. 2021

Ann Transl Med

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Facial gender confirmation surgery (FGCS) is a series of procedures which seek to harmonize a patient's face with his/her self-image and gender identity. Originally described in San Francisco in the 1980s, FGCS has evolved to encompass all elements of the craniofacial skeleton and facial soft tissue. This field in plastic and reconstructive surgery has quickly gained more attention in the past decade due to the pioneering work of groups around the world along with increased social acceptance and medical care of the transgender community. This narrative review focuses on the upper third of the face. Key differences in the forehead and the hairline of cis men and women are discussed which inform pharmacologic and surgical interventions.Hairline modifying therapies including pharmacotherapy and hair transplantation are explained. Virtual surgical planning (VSP), a tool broadly used in surgical fields, has a special role in FGCS and we offer advice in using VSP when addressing the frontal sinus. Use of VSP allows the surgeon to provide reproducible and accurate results. We then discuss the history of the frontal sinus setback and offer our algorithmic approach to recontouring the forehead with detailed description of the operative steps and decision making. Finally, postoperative care and complications considered.

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“…43 For individuals who are not satisfied with their hairline after hormone therapy, forehead lengthening may be achieved. 44 Forehead implants can be used as adjuncts for manipulation of the hairline to achieve the supraorbital skeletal bossing consistent with a masculinized upper third. Options for surgical forehead augmentation include the direct application of alloplastic implants, such as methyl methacrylate, hydroxyapatite cements, or polyether ether ketone, to the forehead, or the use of calvarial bone grafting.…”

Section: Hairline and Foreheadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Masculinization from Procedures to Payment: A Review

2021

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As the demand for gender-affirming procedures continues to increase, patients and providers have a greater imperative to understand the current state of facial masculinization. Facial reconstruction for transgender women has been shown to treat gender dysphoria effectively and reduce rates of discrimination and victimization. Although facial masculinization surgery for transgender men is less common, there are multiple surgical and nonsurgical options to supplement the effect of hormone therapy on facial appearance, including but not limited to: receding the hair line, flattening the forehead, expanding the supraorbital ridge, increasing the dorsal nasal projection, squaring the jaw, and augmenting the chin. This review aims to summarize these techniques for providers who wish to inform transgender male patients about their options and discuss them in the context of patient satisfaction and availability of insurance coverage.

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Facial Gender Affirmation Surgery: Facial Feminization Surgery and Facial Masculinization Surgery

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Facial Feminization Surgery: A Review of 220 Consecutive Patients

Facial Feminization Surgery: A Review of 220 Consecutive Patients

Narrative review of facial gender surgery: approaches and techniques for the frontal sinus and upper third of the face

Facial Masculinization from Procedures to Payment: A Review

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