Facial Proportions of Indian Americans and Its Clinical Applications

Abstract

Introduction: All humans have same features in the face. But, their proportions and relationships vary one face from another even within the group or race. The balance and harmony of various facial features are essential to the surgeon who requires facial analysis in the diagnosis and treatment planning. Facial proportions are well discussed in western populations, but only a limited number of studies exist for Asian Americans.Objectives: To determine the normal average horizontal facial proportions, to determine the proportions of lowerface height and to determine any significant sex differences that exist in the Indian American students of American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua. Methods:The direct anthropometric measurements (horizontal thirds of the face and proportions of lowerface height) were carried out using digital caliper in 100 men and 100 women Indian American students (18-30years) of AUA, Antigua and compared between sexes. Results:The Midface height and lowerface height were higher in men than women whereas the forehead height was higher in women compared to men. The Midface height was higher than the lowerface and forehead heights in both sexes. The forehead, Midface and lowerface heights showed statistically significant sexual difference. The upper one third and the lower two third of the lowerface height proportions were significant sexual difference. Conclusion:Facial proportions are considered as ideal silhouette to facilitate the surgeon with facial analysis and add a quantifiable dimension to perioperative assessment in surgical facial treatments. The facial proportions data obtained in the present study can be used as a reference value for Indian Americans which can be made use of if they need to undergo facial surgeries in the United States of America (USA).

What Do We Find Attractive about the Face?: Survey Study with Application to Aesthetic Surgery

“…Data from the United States show that approximately 16 million aesthetic interventions were performed in 2014 alone, and the number of aesthetic procedures in the United States has almost doubled compared to the beginning of the century. Most aesthetic surgery is performed on the nose, lips, and ears (Sadacharan, ). The advantages of perceived beauty are many and there is a widespread belief that attractive people are more satisfied with themselves, have a high degree of self‐confidence, and have better social interactions.…”

Vertical and horizontal facial proportions of Indian American men

“…A third reading was taken in case, if the initial two measurements showed a large discrepancy, and finally the two closer readings out of the three were used ( Fig. 3 ) [ 14 15 ].…”

“…A study performed by Sadacharan [ 13 ] with 100 Indian American female face dealt with facial proportions. Sadacharan [ 14 15 ] performed an anthropometric studies of horizontal thirds of the face and proportions of lowerface height and orbitofacial assessment in Indian Americans. However, there are no reports available on the facial proportions in Indian American men.…”

<p><strong>Nilai facial index berdasarkan klasifikasi maloklusi angle pada sub ras deuteromelayu</strong></p><p><strong><em>Facial index value based on angle’s classification of malocclusion on deuteromalay subrace</em></strong></p>

“…7 Ortodontis harus mengetahui nilai rerata dan proporsi ideal wajah sesuai karakter masyarakat di suatu daerah agar tujuan perawatan tercapai dan memperoleh hasil terbaik. 17 Mayoritas masyarakat Indonesia terdiri dari dua ras yaitu Sub ras Protomelayu dan Sub ras Deuteromelayu. 18 Suku yang termasuk Sub ras Deuteromelayu adalah Suku Aceh, Suku Minangkabau, Suku Sunda, Suku Jawa, Suku Bali, Suku Bugis dan Suku Makassar.…”