“…Hybrid materials formed by carbon materials and Co 3 O 4 spinel showed a promising catalytic behavior for both ORR (Liang et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2020b) and OER (Xu et al, 2016;Yao et al, 2016;Leng et al, 2017). For this reason, diverse studies focused on the development of bifunctional catalysts with optimized performance for both reactions (Wang et al, 2017b;Zhao et al, 2017b;Jia et al, 2017Jia et al, , 2019Su et al, 2019;Guo et al, 2019;Tomon et al, 2021). N-doped carbon materials were used in most of these works (Wang et al, 2017b;Jia et al, 2017Jia et al, , 2019Guo et al, 2019) because they offer specific active sites that improve the ORR avoiding the agglomeration of metal oxide nanoparticles.…”