Factor structure and sex differences on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence in China, Japan and United States

Liu, Jianghong; Lynn, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.013

Cited by 30 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…They were initially recruited in the spring of 2005 in the city of Jintan, located in the southeastern coastal region of mainland China (26, 31). Detailed sampling and research procedures of this larger cohort study have been described elsewhere (26, 32, 33). Briefly, the China Jintan Child Cohort Study is an ongoing prospective longitudinal study with the main aim of assessing the early health risk factors for the development of child neurobehavioral outcomes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regular breakfast consumption is associated with increased IQ in kindergarten children

Liu¹,

Hwang²,

Dickerman³

et al. 2013

Early Human Development

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Background Studies have documented a positive relationship between regular breakfast consumption and cognitive outcomes in youth. However, most of these studies have emphasized specific measures of cognition rather than cognitive performance as a broad construct (e.g., IQ test scores) and been limited to Western samples of school-age children and adolescents. This study aims to extend the literature on breakfast consumption and cognition by examining these constructs in a sample of Chinese kindergarten-age children. Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of a sample of 1,269 children (697 boys and 572 girls) aged 6 from the Chinese city of Jintan. Cognition was assessed with the Chinese version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Revised. Breakfast habits were assessed through parental questionnaire. Analyses of variance and linear regression models were used to analyze the association between breakfast habits and IQ. Socioeconomic and parental psychosocial variables related to intelligence were controlled for. Results Findings showed that children who regularly have breakfast on a near-daily basis had significantly higher full scale, verbal, and performance IQ test scores (all p <0.001) compared to children who “sometimes” have breakfast. This relationship persisted for VIQ (verbal IQ) and FIQ (full IQ) even after adjusting for gender, current living location, parental education, parental occupation, and primary child caregiver. Conclusion Findings may reflect nutritional as well as social benefits of regular breakfast consumption on cognition, and regular breakfast consumption should be encouraged among young children.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regular breakfast consumption is associated with increased IQ in kindergarten children

Liu¹,

Hwang²,

Dickerman³

et al. 2013

Early Human Development

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“…Further detailed descriptions of the setting and procedures of the IQ testing can be found in Liu & Lynn. 26 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep Problems, Fatigue, and Cognitive Performance in Chinese Kindergarten Children

Liu¹,

Zhou²,

Wang³

et al. 2012

The Journal of Pediatrics

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Objective To examine sleep problems and fatigue and their associations with cognitive performance in Chinese kindergarten children. Study design A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from Jintan Child Cohort Study was conducted, which includes a cohort of 1,656 kindergarten children in Jintan City, Jiangsu Province, China. The sample used in the current study consisted of 1,385 children (44.8% girls, mean age 5.72 (SD=0.42) years) for whom data on sleep problems or cognitive performance were available. Child Behavior Checklist was used to measure child sleep problems and fatigue, and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Revised was used to assess child intelligence quotient (IQ). Results Sleep problems were prevalent, ranging from 8.9% for difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS) to 70.5% for unwilling to sleep alone. Other reported sleep problems were difficulty initiating sleep (39.4%), nightmares (31.6%), sleep talking (28%), sleeping less (24.7%), and sleep resistance (23.4%). Fatigue was also prevalent, with 29.6% of children reported to be overtired and 12.6% lack of energy. Children with DMS, sleep talking, sleep resistance, or nightmares scored 2-3 points lower in full IQ than children without sleep problems. Children reported to have fatigue scored 3-6 points lower in full IQ than those children without fatigue. Conclusions Sleep problems and fatigue are prevalent in Chinese kindergarten children. Furthermore, sleep problems and fatigue are associated with poor cognitive performance.

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“…Details of this study have been described in a previous publication (Liu, McCauley, Zhao, Zhang & Pinto-Martin, 2010). The cohort took their first IQ test (the WPPSI) at age 6 years and the sex differences have been given by Liu & Lynn (2011), Liu and Lynn, (2013), and Liu, Yang, Chen, and Lynn (2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chinese sex differences in intelligence: Some new evidence

Liu

Lynn

2015

Personality and Individual Differences

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Sex differences on the WISC-R in Chinese children were examined in a sample of 788 aged 12 years. Boys obtained a higher mean full scale IQ than girls of 3.75 IQ points, a higher performance IQ of 4.20 IQ points, and a higher verbal IQ of 2.40 IQ points. Boys obtained significantly higher means on the information, picture arrangement, picture completion, block design, and object assembly subtests, while girls obtained a significantly higher mean on coding. The results were in general similar to the sex differences in the United States standardisation sample of the WISC-R. Boys showed greater variability than girls.

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Factor structure and sex differences on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence in China, Japan and United States

Cited by 30 publications

References 46 publications

Regular breakfast consumption is associated with increased IQ in kindergarten children

Regular breakfast consumption is associated with increased IQ in kindergarten children

Sleep Problems, Fatigue, and Cognitive Performance in Chinese Kindergarten Children

Chinese sex differences in intelligence: Some new evidence

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