Factores de riesgo para el desarrollo psicomotor en lactantes nacidos en óptimas condiciones biológicas

Abstract

OBJECTIVO: Evaluar el efecto de factores de riesgo para el desarrollo infantil en niños, de nivel socioeconómico bajo, nacidos en óptimas condiciones biológicas pero expuestos a condiciones sociales adversas. METODOLOGÍA: Lactantes de ambos sexos em número de 788, fueron exhaustivamente estudiados en términos de: alimentación, crecimiento, ambiente físico y psicosocial. Se controlaron prospectivamente hasta los 12 meses de edad, momento en que se evaluó el desarrollo mental (MDI) y motor (PDI) a través de la escala de Bayley. A partir de las variables medidas se identificó 18 factores de riesgo, los que fueron dicotomizados (bajo y alto riesgo). RESULTADOS: Lactancia materna, temperamento del niño, inteligencia materna y estimulación en el hogar se asocian consistentemente con MDI y PDI. Luego de ajustar por covariables, la estimulación en el hogar persiste como factor significativo en la explicación de la variabilidad del MDI y PDI, en tanto que el sexo del niño se consolida como factor condicionante del desarrollo motor. El efecto acumulado de 7 o más factores de riesgo se asocia con una disminución significativa de los puntajes de desarrollo. La combinación de categorías de riesgo de temperamento infantil, inteligencia materna, rol del padre y estimulación en el hogar alcanza mejor predicción del desarrollo infantil que otras combinaciones puestas a prueba en este estudio. CONCLUSIONE: Se concluye que, aún en niños biológicamente indemnes, el desarrollo psicomotor se afecta negativamente ante la presencia de condiciones ambientales adversas que actúan simultáneamente.

Determinants of early cognitive development: hierarchical analysis of a longitudinal study

“…These interactions facilitate mental processes responsible for cognitive development, such as discrimination, perception, and learning. As a result, the absence of stimulating materials can decrease the effectiveness of proximal processes and limit competency development 9,22,30 .…”

“…Poor quality of home environment stimulation can adversely affect children's development, leading to cognitive deficits 22,23 and subsequently to behavioral disorders 37,38 . However, one should bear in mind that the HOME inventory, although widely applied in a variety of cultural backgrounds, may not be perfectly suitable for measuring the quality of the environment of Brazilian children, especially those from low-income families.…”

“…Latin American studies have employed these scales to identify risk factors for child development 22,23 . In Brazil, the Bayley scales have been used to evaluate developmental differences between healthy versus low birth weight or premature newborns 24,25,26 .…”

Psychomotor development screening of children from kindergarten units of Belém, Pará, Brazil

“…24 In the present study, maternal schooling showed no association with the condition of the NPMD, a fi nding observed in other work. 26 Studies have shown that the level of maternal education involves a situation of vulnerability for children in early childhood, revealing an important association between this variable and development delays. 17,19,25 In fact, the educational level of the parents is a predictive factor of development, since the length of time studying is closely related to cognitive skills that parents use to stimulate their children.…”

Impact of extrinsic factors on fine motor performance of children attending day care

“…, 3 However, the CNS is not the only factor responsible for motor development, it is also related to the musculoskeletal development and cardiorespiratory fitness, all influenced by stimuli and environmental factors 47 There is evidence that low socioeconomic status8 - 11 and family and school environment of poor quality can negatively influence the development of healthy children,8 , 10 , 12 , 13 while favorable environmental conditions, such as adequate stimuli, higher maternal education and socioeconomic status seem to positively influence children's motor and cognitive development 814 - 16 …”