Factors affecting carriage of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> among Greek military recruits

Blackwell, C. C.; Tzanakaki, Georgina; Kremastinou, Jenny; Weir, D. M.; Vakalis, Nikolaos; Elton, R. A.; Mentis, Αndreas; Fatouros, N

doi:10.1017/s0950268800049943

Cited by 43 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…25 As there is no control group, it is impossible to comment on the possible significance of smoking as a risk factor. In a study carried out on Greek military recruits, meningococcal carriage was significantly associated with smoking, 26 but there are no studies confirming such an association in viral meningitis. Eighty three per cent of our patients had close contact with small children as parents, grandparents, schoolteachers, or paediatric nurses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and diagnostic findings of an echovirus meningitis outbreak in the north west of England

Carrol

Beadsworth

Jenkins

et al. 2006

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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Introduction An outbreak of echovirus meningitis occurred in the north west of England in 2001. This paper reviewed the clinical features and the role of different diagnostic methods. Methods This was a prospective study of adults admitted to a regional infectious disease unit with a probable diagnosis of meningitis, March to August 2001. Results Half the 40 cases were male; median age was 28 (range 16–51) years. Fifteen of 38 (39.5%) were smokers, and 20 of 24 (83.3%) had close contact with children. Median (range) duration of symptoms was 1.1 (0.25–7) days. Symptoms included headache (100%), photophobia (87.5%), and nausea (67.5%), and severity ranged from minimal signs to those consistent with a meningoencephalitis. The diagnosis was confirmed virologically in 29 of 40 (72%); echovirus 30 was isolated from six. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enterovirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive in 26 of 32 (81%), and CSF virus culture in 3 of 16 (19%). Thirty one per cent of CSF samples had a neutrophil predominance, and 3 of 29 (10%) virologically confirmed cases had normal CSF microscopy and biochemistry. Conclusion CSF microscopy may be normal or suggest bacterial meningitis in a substantial minority of cases of echovirus meningitis. CSF PCR for enterovirus seems to be more sensitive than virus culture of CSF, although PCR does not yield information on circulating virus type. Early and accurate diagnosis could reduce both use of parenteral antibiotics and length of hospital stay with both morbidity and cost implications. Close contact with children may be a risk factor, particularly if good hygiene measures are not practised.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and diagnostic findings of an echovirus meningitis outbreak in the north west of England

Carrol

Beadsworth

Jenkins

et al. 2006

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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“…Studies in non-diabetic populations reported a positive correlation between smoking and carriage of bacteria [25,26] and yeasts [27]. Among diabetics, smoking was a significant factor influencing carriage of yeasts; however, the type of diabetes and denture status were not taken into account [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing oral carriage of yeasts among individuals with diabetes mellitus

et al. 1992

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SUMMARYA total of 439 individuals with diabetes mellitus were examined for carriage of yeasts by the oral rinse and palatal swab techniques. Eighteen genetic or environment variables were assessed for their contribution to carriage of yeasts. The factor contributing to palatal and oral carriage of yeasts among individuals with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was age (P < 0-01). The factor contributing to palatal carriage of yeasts among individuals with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was poor glyeaemic control (glycosuria P < 001); carriage in the oral cavity as a whole was influenced additionally by non-secretion of ABH blood group antigens (P < 0.05). Introduction of a denture altered the above risk factors. For individuals with IDDM, oral carriage was associated with the presence of retinopathy (P < 0 05); palatal carriage was influenced by poor glycaemic control (HbA,P < 001, plasma glucose levels P < 0-05) and age (P < 0 05). For those with NIDDM, palatal carriage was associated with continuous presence of the denture in the mouth (P < 0-01); oral carriage was associated with plasma glucose levels (P < 0 05).

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“…The occurrence of sporadic meningococcal disease in a cohort of children born in the metropolitan Atlanta, Ga, area (Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Douglas, Fulton, Gwinnett, Newton, and Rockdale counties) was reconstructed up to the completion of the child's third year of life or the end of the study period (September 31,1996). We used Georgia's birth certificate database to identify all children born to mothers residing in the metropolitan Atlanta area between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1995.…”

Section: Methods Data Sources and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among children ofWhite mothers, the proportion acquiring meningococcal disease was significantly higher for those whose mothers were young, not married, 14,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Therefore, children exposed to smokers may have a high likelihood of exposure to the pathogen, a high rate of carriage acquisition, or prolonged carriage ofN meningitidis.…”

Section: Methods Data Sources and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal cigarette smoking and invasive meningococcal disease: a cohort study among young children in metropolitan Atlanta, 1989-1996.

Yusuf

Rochat²,

Baughman³

et al. 1999

Am J Public Health

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OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the association between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk of invasive meningococcal disease during early childhood. METHODS: Using a retrospective cohort study design, cases from an active surveillance project monitoring all invasive meningococcal disease in the metropolitan Atlanta area from 1989 to 1995 were merged with linked birth and death certificate data files. Children who had not died or acquired meningococcal disease were assumed to be alive and free of the illness. The Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the independent association between maternal smoking and meningococcal disease. RESULTS: The crude rate of meningococcal disease was 5 times higher for children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy than for children whose mothers did not smoke (0.05% vs 0.01%). Multivariate analysis revealed that maternal smoking (risk ratio [RR] = 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5, 5.7) and a mother's having fewer than 12 years of education (RR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.0, 4.2) were independently associated with invasive meningococcal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal smoking, a likely surrogate for tobacco smoke exposure following delivery, appears to be a modifiable risk factor for sporadic meningococcal disease in young children.

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Factors affecting carriage of Neisseria meningitidis among Greek military recruits

Cited by 43 publications

References 16 publications

Clinical and diagnostic findings of an echovirus meningitis outbreak in the north west of England

Clinical and diagnostic findings of an echovirus meningitis outbreak in the north west of England

Factors influencing oral carriage of yeasts among individuals with diabetes mellitus

Maternal cigarette smoking and invasive meningococcal disease: a cohort study among young children in metropolitan Atlanta, 1989-1996.

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