Factors affecting cypermethrin residue levels in apples from Japanese orchards

Fujita, Masahiro; Yajima, Tomonari; Hamano, Hiroko; Sakasai, Michiko; Iijima, Kazuaki; Satô, Kiyoshi

doi:10.1584/jpestics.w12-04

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…4,5) The distribution of the preharvest pesticide residues in raw agricultural commodities is not uniform and is influenced by many factors, such as the physicochemical properties of the pesticide, application directions, PHI, agricultural conditions, weather, sampling procedures, and growth rates. [15][16][17][18][19] Therefore, analysts must strive to remove any uncertain factors that might influence their pesticide residue results. On the basis of the limited results in this study, it was considered that sample-size reduction and separate analyses of pulp and peel portions have no significant effect on determining the pesticide residues in watermelon and muskmelon samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of separate analyses of pulp and peel on pesticide residues in watermelons and muskmelons

et al. 2014

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To evaluate the effects of sample-size reduction and separate analyses of fruit pulp and peel, residual levels of 3 pesticides in watermelons and muskmelons were determined. The pesticide residue levels in 2 types of size-reduced samples were compared. In one size-reduced sample, the pesticide residues in the pulp with the peel were analyzed (A). In the other size-reduced sample, residues in the pulp and peel were analyzed separately. Afterward, the pesticide residue levels were calculated for the whole fruit (B). The majority of the pesticide residues were found to be present in the peel. The mean percent differences (A/B±standard deviations [SD]) of pesticide residue levels in the watermelon and muskmelon samples were 91±15% and 83±11%, respectively. No significant effect of sample-size reduction and separate analyses of pulp and peel were found in determining the pesticide residues in large-sized fruiting vegetables.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of separate analyses of pulp and peel on pesticide residues in watermelons and muskmelons

et al. 2014

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“…Details of the test site conditions at the apple orchard, cabbage field, and grape vineyard have been described in our previous studies. 7,8 Residue Analysis. Residue analysis was performed using three analytical methods: a single method for cypermethrin in apples and sweet peppers, 7 a single method for acetamiprid in broccoli (see also the Supporting Information), and a method for simultaneous analysis of acetamiprid and cypermethrin in cabbage and grape samples.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The weights of individual commodities were measured, and all samples were extracted on the day following arrival at our institute, without storage. Details of the test site conditions at the apple orchard, cabbage field, and grape vineyard have been described in our previous studies. , …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Residue analysis was performed using three analytical methods: a single method for cypermethrin in apples and sweet peppers, a single method for acetamiprid in broccoli (see also the Supporting Information), and a method for simultaneous analysis of acetamiprid and cypermethrin in cabbage and grape samples . The residue analytical methods were optimized for rapid analysis of each analyte as described below.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From 2007 to 2010, we conducted studies to estimate the acetamiprid and cypermethrin residue variations in apple, broccoli, cabbage, grape, and sweet pepper. , Acetamiprid (( E )- N -[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]- N -cyano- N -methylethanimidamide) is a neonicotinoid insecticide used worldwide. Acetamiprid has a relatively low log P OW of 0.80 and a relatively high water solubility of 4250 mg/L .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Sampling Size on the Determination of Accurate Pesticide Residue Levels in Japanese Agricultural Commodities

Fujita¹,

Yajima²,

Iijima³

et al. 2012

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The uncertainty in pesticide residue levels (UPRL) associated with sampling size was estimated using individual acetamiprid and cypermethrin residue data from preharvested apple, broccoli, cabbage, grape, and sweet pepper samples. The relative standard deviation from the mean of each sampling size (n = 2 x , where x = 1–6) of randomly selected samples was defined as the UPRL for each sampling size. The estimated UPRLs, which were calculated on the basis of the regulatory sampling size recommended by the OECD Guidelines on Crop Field Trials (weights from 1 to 5 kg, and commodity unit numbers from 12 to 24), ranged from 2.1% for cypermethrin in sweet peppers to 14.6% for cypermethrin in cabbage samples. The percentages of commodity exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) specified by the Japanese Food Sanitation Law may be predicted from the equation derived from this study, which was based on samples of various size ranges with mean residue levels below the MRL. The estimated UPRLs have confirmed that sufficient sampling weight and numbers are required for analysis and/or re-examination of subsamples to provide accurate values of pesticide residue levels for the enforcement of MRLs. The equation derived from the present study would aid the estimation of more accurate residue levels even from small sampling sizes.

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Comparison of the Variability in the Levels of Pesticide Residue Observed in Japanese Cabbage and Grape Units

Fujita¹,

Yajima²,

Iijima³

et al. 2012

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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To estimate variations in pesticide residue levels in crops, the variability factors (VFs, the 97.5th percentile of the residue levels in the sample divided by the average residue levels in the lot) in residue levels of acetamiprid and cypermethrin applied to cabbage and grapes were investigated, respectively. The VFs in the residue levels of both pesticides in cabbage (2.00 and 2.39, respectively) were clearly higher than those in grapes (1.82 and 1.63, respectively). Although the residue levels of both pesticides in grapes showed a normal distribution, those values in cabbage were slightly skewed at lower residue levels. Individual residue levels in grapes had a good agreement between acetamiprid and cypermethrin. In contrast, the distribution of cypermethrin residue levels in cabbage was slightly skewed at higher residue levels as compared to that of acetamiprid. These results indicate that the difference in the relative distribution of the two pesticides between cabbage and grapes might be due to the influence of various factors such as differences in crop species, plant cultivation methods, and physicochemical properties of the pesticides.

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Factors affecting cypermethrin residue levels in apples from Japanese orchards

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Effects of separate analyses of pulp and peel on pesticide residues in watermelons and muskmelons

Effects of separate analyses of pulp and peel on pesticide residues in watermelons and muskmelons

Effect of Sampling Size on the Determination of Accurate Pesticide Residue Levels in Japanese Agricultural Commodities

Comparison of the Variability in the Levels of Pesticide Residue Observed in Japanese Cabbage and Grape Units

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