Factors affecting mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility

Sordillo, Lorraine M.

doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.017

Cited by 305 publications

(364 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Negative energy balance contributes to reduced immune response. For instance, in the case of mastitis infection, defence mechanisms of the mammary gland during the periparturient period have been found to have decreased or impaired function (Sordillo and Streicher, 2002). Hence, the reason mastitis and lameness are often termed as production diseases although they are caused by infectious agents.…”

Section: Genetic Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic parameters for production, health, fertility and longevity traits in dairy cows

Pritchard

Coffey

Mrode

et al. 2013

Animal

138

108

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Milk production, fertility, longevity and health records, were extracted from databases of two milk recording organisations in the United Kingdom for the first three lactations of the Holstein-Friesian breed. These included data related to health events (mastitis and lameness), voluntarily recorded on a proportion of farms. The data were analysed to calculate disease incidence levels and to estimate genetic parameters for health traits and their relationships with production and other functional traits. The resulting dataset consisted of 124 793 lactations from 75 137 animals of 1586 sires, recorded in 2434 herds. Incidence of health events increased with parity. The overall incidence of mastitis (MAS) and lameness (LAM), defined as binary traits, were 17% and 16%, respectively. Heritability estimates for MAS and LAM were 0.04 and 0.02, respectively, obtained from repeatability linear sire models. Heritability estimates of mastitis and lameness as count traits were slightly higher, 0.05 and 0.03, respectively. Genetic correlations were obtained by bivariate analyses of all pair-wise combinations between milk 305-day yield (MY), protein 305-day yield (PY), fat 305-day yield (FY), lactation average log e transformed lactation average somatic cell count (SCS), calving interval (CI), days to first service (DFS), non-return at 56 days (NR56), number of inseminations (NINS), mastitis (MAS), number of mastitis episodes (NMAS), lameness (LAM), number of lameness episodes (NLAM) and lifespan score (LS). As expected, MAS was correlated most strongly with SCS (0.69), which supports the use of SCS as an indicator trait for mastitis. Genetic correlations between MAS and yield and fertility traits were of similar magnitude ranging from 0.27 to 0.33. Genetic correlations between MAS with LAM and LS were 0.38 and 20.59, respectively. Not all genetic correlations between LAM and other traits were significant because of fewer numbers of lameness records. LAM had significant genetic correlations with MY (0.38), PY (0.28), CI (0.35), NINS (0.38) and LS (20.53). The heritability estimates of mastitis and lameness were low; therefore, genetic gain through direct selection alone would be slow, yet still positive and cumulative. Direct selection against mastitis and lameness as additional traits should reduce incidence of both diseases, and simultaneously improve fertility and longevity. However, both health traits had antagonistic relationships with production traits, thus genetic gain in production would be slower.

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Section: Genetic Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic parameters for production, health, fertility and longevity traits in dairy cows

Pritchard

Coffey

Mrode

et al. 2013

Animal

138

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Paracellular transfer of serum proteins, various peptides, peptide hormones and ions into milk is inhibited because of the lower permeability of tight junctions at this stage (Nguyen and Neville, 1998); instead, most transport is via the transcellular pathway (Kishimoto et al, 1989;Nguyen and Neville, 1998). The concentration of Igs in mammary secretions peaks at 5 to 10 days before calving (Sordillo and Streicher, 2002). IgA and IgM are produced locally in the mammary gland, but most of the IgG in mammary secretions is of humoral origin (Lascelles, 1979).…”

Section: Altered Dry Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Collier

Annen-Dawson

Pezeshki

2012

Animal

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The dry period is required to facilitate cell turnover in the bovine mammary gland in order to optimize milk yield in the next lactation. Traditionally, an 8-week dry period has been a standard management practice for dairy cows based on retrospective analyses of milk yields following various dry period lengths. However, as milk production per cow has increased, transitioning cows from the nonlactating state to peak milk yield has grown more problematic. This has prompted new studies on dry period requirements for dairy cows. These studies indicate a clear parity effect on dry period requirement. First parity animals require a 60-day dry period, whereas lactations following later parities demonstrate no negative impact with 30-day dry period or even eliminating the dry period when somatotropin (ST) is also used to maintain milk yields. Shortened dry periods in first parity animals were associated with reduced mammary cell turnover during the dry period and early lactation and increased numbers of senescent cells and reduced functionality of lactating alveolar mammary cells postpartum. Use of ST and increased milking frequency postpartum reduced the impact of shortened dry periods. The majority of new intramammary infections occur during the dry period and persist into the following lactation. There is therefore the possibility of altering mastitis incidence by modifying or eliminating the dry period in older parity animals. As the composition of mammary secretions including immunoglobulins may be reduced when the dry period is reduced or eliminated, there is the possibility that the immune status of cows during the peripartum period is influenced by the length of the dry period.

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“…Efforts at controlling most of these diseases have focused on the improvement of vaccines, antibiotic therapy, and general management practices. Attention is also being focused at strengthening the innate immune response of the host to invading pathogens [29,37]. A better understanding of the signaling mechanisms involved in innate immune responses to bacterial products by the bovine mammary gland is fundamental to facilitate the development of strategies aimed at controlling these infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces increased expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and downstream TLR signaling molecules in bovine mammary epithelial cells

et al. 2007

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-Bovine mammary epithelial cells contribute to the innate immune response to intramammary infections by recognizing pathogens through specialized pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is one such receptor that binds and is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, MAC-T cells (a bovine mammary epithelial cell line) were incubated in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations of LPS for 24 h. Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were analyzed at both mRNA and protein levels by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA of both receptors were up-regulated by all concentrations of LPS used (P < 0.01). Similarly, flow cytometry with specific antibodies against TLR2 and TLR4 detected increased surface expression of these proteins. Furthermore, expression of downstream TLR4 signaling molecules was examined by qPCR following varying exposure times to 1 μg/mL of LPS. Results demonstrate that the required adaptor molecules and transcription factors were up-regulated in a time-dependent manner. Both the MyD88 dependent and independent pathways in TLR4 signaling were activated in MAC-T cells. Expression of TOLLIP increased in response to LPS as did the pro-apoptotic protease, CASP8. These results suggest that the bovine mammary epithelium possesses the necessary immune repertoires required to achieve a robust defense against E. coli. The current findings, coupled with previous findings that S. aureus ligands induce up-regulation of TLR4, may indicate a positive adaptation by mammary epithelial cells to effectively respond to different types of mastitis pathogens.lipopolysaccharide / TLR4 and TLR2 / signal transduction / bovine mammary epithelial cells / mastitis

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Factors affecting mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility

Cited by 305 publications

References 72 publications

Genetic parameters for production, health, fertility and longevity traits in dairy cows

Genetic parameters for production, health, fertility and longevity traits in dairy cows

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces increased expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and downstream TLR signaling molecules in bovine mammary epithelial cells

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