Factors Affecting Regional Employment in Tourism in the United States

Abstract

As an instrument of economic development, tourism is a highly competitive industry intranationally and internationally. Its primary economic impacts are the generation of revenues and employment. Mensurational problems complicate analysis of tourism, e.g., separating the impacts on employment of business-related versus recreational travel.The study analyzes the influence of various factors on the level of travel employment by state. Employment figures are seasonally adjusted to allow valid comparison of states. Identifying the variables that correspond with high levels of travel employment may explain regional variations in such employment. It may also help distinguish between states with high rates of business-related travel employment versus true tourism employment. The study also examines the effectiveness of states' promotional advertising expenditures in generating employment. A multiple linear regression model is used for the statistical analysis.

The spatial heterogeneity and dynamics of tourism-flow spillover effect: The role of high-speed train in China

“…Except the variables on highway and traditional train transportation infrastructure, all controlled variables exert significantly positive effects on regional tourism flows as expected. In detail, the coefficients of ln HOTEL and ln TA reveal a significant contribution of service infrastructure and tourism resources on regional tourism flow, in line with Ellerbrock and Hite (1980), Rosentraub and Joo (2009), Yang and Wong (2012), and Yang and Fik (2014). Moreover, the positive and significant impacts of ln GDP and ln FDI are also revealed, consistent with the findings of Kulendran and Wilson (2000), Khan et al (2005), Zhang et al (2011), and Marrocu and Paci (2013).…”

“…HOTEL indicates the capacity of service infrastructure in a city which may be employed in tourism industry (Yang and Wong, 2012). TA (tourism attraction) represents the overall quality of tourism resources and is one key determinant of tourism attractiveness for a city (Ellerbrock and Hite, 1980; Rosentraub and Joo, 2009; Yang and Fik, 2014). GDP reflects the economic resources that a city may exploit to develop its tourism economy (Marrocu and Paci, 2013; Zhang and Jensen, 2007).…”

What does 40 years of regional and business competitiveness in tourism research reveal?

“…The success of integration strategies, trust, collaboration, competition, knowledge sharing, geographic proximity and governance structures must be considered. (2015) Analyzed the results of a megaproject for a sporting event in the economic development of the territory Racherla et al (2008) Verified the relevance of deploying innovative ICT and information infrastructure for tourism Salvino et al (2018) Examined sub-urbanization and alternative forms of development of tourism infrastructure Product diversification Bjork and Kauppinen-Raisanen (2016) Classified the types of travelers and their behavior about local food, indicating marketing potential for the tourism industries Mura and Kljucnikov (2018) Demonstrated the positive impact of implementing agritourism in rural enterprises in diversifying business risks Teixeira and Ferreira (2019) Analyzed the role of artisanal products in the competitiveness of regional tourism Public policies Ellerbrock and Hite (1980) Presented a model to analyze the influence of tourism jobs on territorial regions Kim and Kim (2013) Studied the cultural tourism businesses supported by the government Luštický and Bedn a rov a (2018) Revealed a gap between the research process and planning in a generic model of competitiveness of tourist destinations Miloradov et al (2018) Sorted the regions according to the level of tourism development and determined strategies to improve its products' competitiveness Padurean et al (2015) Identified the degree and intensity of the influence of the European Structural Funds on tourism enterprises Simanaviciene et al (2014) Developed a methodology for assessing regional development and the effect of integrated policies on regional differences Vail and Heldt (2000) Analyzed the institutional impediments to sustainable tourism MRR 45,12…”

Identification of Functional Tourism in North America

“…When one redefines or changes the scale of a region wherein impacts are being studied, one changes the conclusions about those impacts. A few examples of studies which recognized the importance of regional differences or regional definitions include Pizam (1978), on social costs in destination regions; Becker (1979), an analysis of regional conflicts between tourists on the Upper Mississippi; Ellerbrock and Hite (1980), on regional employment levels in tourism; Jud and Krause (1976), on concepts and methods for evaluating tourism in developing areas; and Cooke (1982), on social capacity in different parts of British Columbia.…”