“…Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) TPM can be defined from two main perspectives: the Japanese and Western perspectives (Bamber et al 1999). According to the Japanese approach, the definition of TPM encompasses five elements as follows: (1) it aims at getting the most efficient use of equipment (i.e., overall efficiency), (2) it establishes a total (company-wide) productive maintenance system encompassing maintenance prevention, preventive maintenance, and improvementrelated maintenance, (3) it requires the participation of equipment designers, equipment operators, and maintenance department workers, (4) it involves every employee from top management to bottom, (5) it promotes and implements productive maintenance based on autonomous, small group activities.…”