Factors affecting thickness and frequency of turbidites triggered by earthquakes in Kumburgaz Basin, Sea of Marmara

Yakupoğlu, Nurettin; Henry, Pierre; Uçarkuş, Gülsen; Eriş, Kürşad Kadir; Demory, François; Crouzet, Christian; Çağatay, M. Namık

doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106900

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…A suspension cloud caused by a flow rebound in a confined basin has been considered for forming the thick muddy interval (e.g., Patacci et al 2015). The oscillating currents and seiche effects in confined basins have also been proposed by McHugh et al (2016McHugh et al ( ), Çağatay et al (2012 and Yakupoğlu et al (2022) for Marmara Sea, and it has been recognized in other basins such as the Canal du Sud in Haiti (e.g., ) and most recently in the Lesser Antilles forearc basins (Morena et al 2022). The seiche effects generated by earthquakes are considered to induce a massive structureless characteristic of "homogenite. "…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submarine paleoseismology in the Japan Trench of northeastern Japan: turbidite stratigraphy and sedimentology using paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses

Kanamatsu

Ikehara

Hsiung

2023

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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Previous studies of sediments recovered from the Japan Trench between 37° 25′ N and 38° 30′ N document distinctive turbidite beds induced by huge earthquakes. We studied two sediment cores at 39°N to investigate the depositional record further north along the Japan Trench. These investigations spatially extend our knowledge of the depositional record of earthquakes in the Japan Trench. We examined specifically the precise stratigraphy of turbidite beds using paleomagnetic secular variation, and a tephra correlation. Additionally, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) was investigated to understand the depositional conditions of each turbidite bed. The inferred ages of turbidite beds in this study closely approximate their previously reported ages, which are correlated with the historical and prehistorical huge earthquakes off Tohoku, northeastern Japan. The paleo current directions during deposition of turbidite are inferred from their grain alignment based on AMS data. The directions of basal part reveal northeastward in the slope-side basin and north-northeast in oceanward basin. The directions of basal and upper thick muddy part of a turbidite bed are not always consistent, which suggests the hydraulic condition in the narrow elongated deep-sea basin. This fact could be essential information to elucidate a unique hydraulic condition during the turbidite deposition in the confined basin in the Japan Trench.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submarine paleoseismology in the Japan Trench of northeastern Japan: turbidite stratigraphy and sedimentology using paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses

Kanamatsu

Ikehara

Hsiung

2023

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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“…La plupart de ces études permettent d'enregistrer la sismicité passée dans le nord-ouest de la Turquie. Une forte corrélation entre les dépôts d'événements et les archives historiques traitant des séismes passés a été démontrée (par exemple dans les études de McHugh et al, 2006McHugh et al, , 2014Sarı et Çagatay, 2006;Drab et al, 2012;Çagatay et al, 2012;Yakupoglu et al, 2019). Une étude antérieure le long d'un segment de faille (dans la mer de Marmara) avaient également permis de mettre en évidence une preuve directe de décalage cosismique à l'aide d'événements sédimentaires synchrones et d'une différence de vitesse de sédimentation entre le mur et le toit de la faille (Beck et al, 2015).…”

Section: Paléosismologieunclassified

“…more than four times thicker than all other event deposits). The overlying thinnest coarse-grained laminae could correspond to the 362 CE earthquake, but it was never recorded in the Marmara Sea McHugh et al, 2014;Drab et al, 2015;Yakupoglu et al, 2019). The lack of a third deposit marking the 368 CE earthquake thus likely indicates that the slopes did not have enough time to replenish the re-mobilisable sediment stock to form a new turbiditic deposit within only a few years after two earlier earthquakes.…”

Section: Radiocarbon Dating and Age Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 740 CE earthquake has been documented in several places within the Marmara Sea (e.g. Çagatay et al, 2012;McHugh et al, 2014;Drab et al, 2015;Yakupoglu et al, 2019), as the epicentre is supposed to be located on the NNAF (Ambraseys, 2002). The epicentral distance and its magnitude (Figure 4.8) should also be recorded in our sedimentary sequences.…”

Section: Radiocarbon Dating and Age Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paléosismologie lacustre et géophysique appliquées au lac d'Iznik (Turquie) : contribution à l'étude de la branche médiane de la Faille Nord-Anatolienne

Gastineau¹

2022

quaternaire

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In Turkey, the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), which accommodates the westward movement of Anatolia with respect to Eurasia, is one of the most active faults in the world.A series of earthquakes (M>6.8) have propagated from east to west during the last century. The next rupture seems to be expected in the Marmara region, south of Istanbul.However, the geometry of this fault becomes more complex in this region. It splits into three branches, one of which borders the southern Marmara Sea and Lake Iznik. This median segment of the NAF (MNAF) has very low seismicity today, and low displacements are recorded by GPS, which leads to considering it inactive. However, the city of Iznik, the cradle of Christianity, has preserved valuable historical evidence in contrast to its observations. Six destructive earthquakes have been mentioned since antiquity. To better understand the seismic hazard in this area, it is necessary to catalogue the seismic activity and locate past ruptures.The use of lakes as natural seismometers has already proved its worth. This thesis has identified two active faults after different geophysical and coring campaigns in Lake Iznik.The first part of this work focuses on the antic period. The study of short (<4m) sediment cores sampled on both sides of the E-W fault passing near the Iznik city shows that the last rupture, dating from 1065 CE, corresponds to a devastating historical earthquake.In addition to this localised rupture, numerous other event deposits are present in the sediments (laterally and temporally). This thesis has (1) differentiated between flood deposits and deposits related to slope destabilisation, most of which are associated with high confidence with historical earthquakes; (2) shown that different types of deposits are recorded for the same earthquake. At the lake scale, the difference in depositional type depends on the source-core distance. One type of deposition is only observed for the 1065 CE earthquake, which takes place in the lake, unlike the others, suggesting that this type of deposition may depend on ground motion parameters. This thesis also presents a compilation of marine and lake palaeoseismological work carried out at the scale of the northwestern part of the NAF, allowing discussion of the limitations of this method. Thus, the concept of basin sensitivity (relationship between the sedimentation rate and the triggering of a slope destabilisation due to an earthquake) does not work in the marine environment, contrary to the lacustrine environment. It is also shown that Lake Iznik records earthquakes from both the NNAF and the MNAF, while the Sea of Marmara seems to record only earthquakes from the NNAF. We also show that contrary to what was previously thought, no earthquakes of Mw>5 have been recorded on the MNAF since the 11 th century, suggesting a significant accumulation of stress on this fault since then. The last part of this thesis focuses on the long term (>2000 years) using seismic and core data. Significant lake level variations have been revealed for mo...

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“…These parameters can be used to characterize event bed properties such as multiple grain size pulses and thicknesses that can be recognized in multiple cores (Goldfinger et al, 2007;Gutiérrez-Pastor et al, 2013;Patton et al, 2015;Pouderoux et al, 2012a). However, many sitespecific and core-specific factors can influence the structure of turbidites including the availability and type of sediments, proximity to source regions, steep slopes and the channel thalweg, as well as alteration by post-depositional by factors such as bioturbation (Molenaar et al, 2022;Wetzel, 1984;Yakupoğlu et al, 2022). Howarth et al (2021b) recently demonstrated this for turbidites associated with the 2016 (M w 7.8) Kaikōura earthquake in New Zealand, in which the spatial variability in the number of grain size pulses corresponded to the heterogeneous distribution of ground velocity peaks above a critical threshold.…”

Section: Evidence For Ground Shakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating onshore and offshore paleoseismic evidence to reveal past large earthquakes on the weakly coupled central Hikurangi margin, New Zealand

Pizer

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Determining the location and recurrence of seismic slip at subduction zones is essential for constraining the hazard posed by great earthquakes. Although modern geodetic observations have revealed interseismically locked regions of the plate interface, it is unclear to what degree this reflects the potential for future rupture given the broad spectrum of possible slip behaviour and short instrumental record. Developing paleoearthquake records over multiple seismic cycles is therefore a powerful method of understanding spatiotemporal patterns in seismic slip behaviour at subduction margins. Conditionally stable parts of the plate interface adjacent to locked patches are identified as particularly important places to constrain long-term behaviour due to their potential to host multiple styles of interface slip.This thesis explores temporal variation in slip behaviour at subduction zones by investigating the paleoseismic record on the weakly coupled central Hikurangi margin in New Zealand. Previously, interpretation of paleoearthquake evidence in this region has been hindered by poorly constrained chronology, sparse distribution of study sites and incomplete consideration of source faults. Generating new paleoearthquake records was therefore necessary to constrain the timing and extent of large earthquakes, and to decipher whether they could represent rupture of the plate interface. Where precisely-dated tephra isochrons are available, they can provide a useful tool for accurate chronostratigraphic correlation between paleoseismic sites and improved temporal constraints within age-depth models of Holocene paleoearthquake chronologies. The age of the Waimihia tephra isochron was refined to 3574–3478 cal yr BP using integrated age modelling of 42 radiocarbon dates from proximal, distal onshore, and distal offshore locations. Using the refined isochron age alongside 68 radiocarbon dates, a new 5000-year record of four precisely-dated paleoearthquakes was generated at the Pakuratahi Valley near Napier, as a key locality for examining onshore coseismic deformation on the central Hikurangi margin. The evidence of both coseismic subsidence and uplift could have been caused by earthquakes on upper plate faults and/or the plate interface. To better distinguish between these sources and expand the paleoseismic record in space and time, a 7000- year record of seismoturbidites was developed from a suite of submarine sediment cores spanning the central margin. Integrating the onshore and offshore datasets permitted better characterization of evidence for widespread synchronous deformation across the central margin. The new interpretation of paleoseismic correlations suggests rupture of upper plate faults could generate some of the observed patterns of surface deformation, but that seismic slip on the subduction interface is likely for most earthquakes.Temporal agreement between the central Hikurangi paleoearthquakes and subduction earthquakes recorded on the southern, locked section of the margin provides strong evidence that multi-section ruptures, spanning a distance of >300 km, may have occurred. Examining the pattern of coseismic deformation on the central margin alongside current understanding of geophysical properties highlights the weakly coupled region of the interface between slow slip zones as an important location for propagating rupture along-strike from the locked patch. Conditional stability of this region is implied as a mechanism for supporting coseismic slip on the currently creeping part of the central Hikurangi margin. These observations add to the growing literature that suggests weakly coupled parts of the plate interface adjacent to locked patches can host multiple modes of interface slip and should therefore be considered a region of significant seismic hazard, due to their ability to support great (>Mw 8) multi-section subduction earthquakes.

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Factors affecting thickness and frequency of turbidites triggered by earthquakes in Kumburgaz Basin, Sea of Marmara

Cited by 7 publications

References 116 publications

Submarine paleoseismology in the Japan Trench of northeastern Japan: turbidite stratigraphy and sedimentology using paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses

Submarine paleoseismology in the Japan Trench of northeastern Japan: turbidite stratigraphy and sedimentology using paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses

Paléosismologie lacustre et géophysique appliquées au lac d'Iznik (Turquie) : contribution à l'étude de la branche médiane de la Faille Nord-Anatolienne

Integrating onshore and offshore paleoseismic evidence to reveal past large earthquakes on the weakly coupled central Hikurangi margin, New Zealand

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