“…Types of mobile devices used in the designated studies encompassed tablets (Chiang and Liu, 2016;Lee et al, 2018;Razvi et al, 2018;Szucs et al, 2018), handheld electronic game devices (Razvi et al, 2018;Woo et al, 2016;Wilaiwan and Siriwong, 2019) and mobile phones which consisted of cell phones, keypad phones, smartphones and touchscreen phones (D'Anna et al, 2018;Gustafsson et al, 2018;Gustafsson et al, 2017;Im, Cho, Park, Jung and Park, 2010;Kietrys et al, 2015;Kim and Kim, 2015;Korpinen, Paakkonen and Gobba, 2013;Namwongsa et al, 2018;Razvi et al, 2018;So et al, 2017;Szucs et al, 2018;Werth and Babski-Reeves, 2014;Woo et al, 2016;Xie, Szeto and Dai, 2017;Xiong andMuraki, 2014, Wilaiwan andSiriwong, 2019;Jin, Kim, Park, Chang and Kim et al,2019). Day-to-day duration of the use of the smartphone devices fluctuated between 1 hour to 6 hours among users (D'Anna et al, 2018;Kim and Kim, 2015;Namwongsa et al, 2018;Razvi et al, 2018;So et al, 2017;Woo et al, 2016;Wilaiwan and Siriwong, 2019). Participants used their handheld devices frequently for the following activities; making phone calls, texting messages, internet browsing and playing games, as informed by the encompassed studies (Chiang and Liu, 2016;D'Anna et al, 2018;Gustafsson et al, 2018;…”