Factors Associated with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Case-Control Study of Belgrade Women

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate factors related to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in Belgrade. A case-control study was conducted during 2006-2007. The study group consisted of 100 newly diagnosed osteoporosis patients and 100 age-matched controls (± 2 years). The inclusion criteria for the case group were newly diagnosed osteoporosis confirmed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine and being menopausal (at least 2 years of amenorrhea). The inclusion criteria for the control group were postmenopausal women with confirmed normal bone mineral density of the lumbar spine by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All study participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. The following factors were significantly independently related to osteoporosis: low body weight (P < 0.001), thin constitution in childhood (P = 0.002), history of previous fracture (P = 0.033), menopause at age <47 years (P < 0.001), family history of fracture (P = 0.005), and less frequent consumption of cheese (P = 0.027) and fish (P = 0.020). The majority of factors identified may be modifiable and could be influenced to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Correlation of the Lipid Profile, BMI and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

“…Correlation of BMI with osteoporosis by univariate logistic regression did not show the relationship of this indicator with osteoporosis (p=0.727, OR=1.000, 95% CI=0.999 to 1.001), which is not congruent with the results of other studies (1). …”

“…Osteoporosis is a disease which affect the population of so-called “third age”, or the elderly, while it more affect females as a result of the fact that they have a 30% lower bone mass than men, and that among them there is a rapid process of losing bone mass after entering the menopause and the occurrence of ovarian insufficiency (1, 2). The emergence of this disease involves number of factors (genetic and environmental factors), as well as other pathological entities that can lead to rapid loss of bone mass, while recent studies indicate that there is no association between low bone mineral density (osteopenia, osteoporosis) and hyperlipidemia in obese people and that this correlation was probably the result of increased mechanical pressure on the bone, especially in postmenopausal women (3-8), or the direct effects of lipids on the function of bone cells (9).…”

Femoral neck bone mineral density and 10-year absolute fracture risk in a national representative sample of Bulgarian women aged 50 years and older

“…Similar results concerning family history together with age and early onset of the menopause came from a Spanish study assessing osteoporosis risk factors in menopausal women [24]. In a case-control study of Belgrade women, the following factors were related to osteoporosis: low body weight, previous fractures, early menopause, and family history for fractures [25]. Based on our experience, we however feel that many lifestyle factors such as milk, caffeine and alcohol consumption, and physical activity are difficult to report consistently and control for.…”

Correlation of Osteoporosis and Calcium Urolithiasis in Adult Population

“…It is a disease faced by the so-called population. “Third age”, or the elderly and more females as a result of the fact that they have a 30% lower bone mass than men, and that among them there is a rapid process of losing bone mass entering the menopause and the appearance of ovarian insufficiency ( 12 ). According to the latest research, the number of people who were diagnosed osteoporosis will double in the next 50 years, the follow-aging world population and the impact of various factors, among which important is a way of life.…”