Introduction:Scientific studies show that many factors related to lifestyles affect the reduction of bone mineral density and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Goal:The goal of this study was to determine whether smoking, drinking coffee and alcohol in menopausal women contribute to the reduction of bone mass and osteoporosis, as well as the impact of physical activity on bone mass.Material and methods:The study was carried out as case study and matched controls. The group of cases consisted of 100 females in postmenopausal age, in which by the DEXA method was newly diagnosed osteoporosis at the Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center of RS during 2015-2016, while the control group consisted of 100 females in a postmenopausal age without diagnosed osteoporosis. The groups were matched by age (±2 years). In order to collect demographic data and information on risk factors for osteoporosis and lifestyle of patients was used the questionnaire Bone Mineral Density Questionnaire- Female of the Irish Association for osteoporosis.Results:Testing the significance of differences in terms of smoking showed that the studied groups are statistically significantly different in terms of smoking (χ2=24.025, p=0.000). In terms of consumption of coffee, a statistically significant difference was found between the group of cases and control group (χ2=0.615, p=0.735). When observing the obtained information about the consumption of alcohol, we find that this preventable risk factor in the present study did not show as significant for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (χ2=4.35, p=0.114). Statistical analysis shows that there are significant differences between the group of cases and control group in terms of physical activity (χ2=7.30, p=0.026). Analysis of the data of our study by univariate logistic regressions showed that smoking (p=0.000) was statistically significantly associated with osteoporosis, while physical activity is a protective factor for bone mass (p=0.036). Results of multivariate logistic regression showed that the independent risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women is smoking (OR=1.665; p=0.006).Conclusion:The results of our study show that smoking is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, and physical activity is a protective factor for bone mass retention. Through education and certain preventive measures should be stressed the importance of these factors on bone health from the earliest period.

Introduction:To the reduction of bone density and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women contribute elevated lipid parameters and Body Mass Index (BMI).Goal:The goal of our study was to determine the correlation between lipid parameters, BMI and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Material and methods:The study was carried out by matched type between experimental group and controls. The experimental group consisted of 100 females at postmenopausal age, in which by the DEXA method was diagnosed osteoporosis at the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center of RS during 2015-2016, while the control group consisted of 100 females in a postmenopausal age but without diagnosed osteoporosis. The groups were matched by age (± 2 years). To all participants of the study were carried out biochemical analysis of blood, or the analysis of the lipid profile that included total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and HDL cholesterol, and was determined the values of BMI and waist circumference (WC).Results:Analysis of the data of our research shows that by the univariate logistic regression the values of lipid parameters total cholesterol (p=0.000), LDL (p=0.005) and TG (p=0.033) were significantly associated with osteoporosis, while in multivariate logistic model only total cholesterol (p= 0.018) was found as an independent risk factor for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. BMI values were not statistically significantly associated with osteoporosis (p=0.727).Conclusion:On the decrease in bone mineral density and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women influence many risk factors whose identification has the aim to develop more effective prevention of this disease in the elderly.

Introduction.Clinical researches have shown an increased bone disintegration and lower bone mass in patients with calcium urolithiasis.Goal.The goal of our research was to establish the incidence of osteoporosis in adult patients with calcium urolithiasis, on the basis of measuring mineral bone density, using DEXA method, with a special reflection on age subgroups.Material and methods.Clinical research was prospective and it was implemented at the University Clinical Center of Banja Luka, at the Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases and at the Urology Clinic. Material in this research consisted of patients divided in two groups, a working and a control group. One hundred and twenty (120) patients were included in both these groups, divided in three age subgroups: 20-40, 40-60 and over 60. The working group consisted of the patients with calcium urolithiasis and the control group consisted of patients without calcium urolithiasis. Establishing of mineral bone density at L2-L4 of lumbal spine vertebrae and hip was done for the patients in both these groups, using DEXA method.Results.Analysis of mineral bone density using DEXA method in patients in age groups of working and control groups, as well as in the total sample of working and control groups, have shown that the patients of the working group, over 60, had a decreased mineral bone density (30% of osteopenia and 15% osteoporosis) significantly more expressed when compared to the other two age groups (12.5% in the subgroup 20-40 and 17.5% in the subgroup 40-60), which presents a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). In the control group, when taking into account age groups, osteopenia and osteoporosis were marked in 37.5% and 2.5% in the group of patients over 60, whereas in the youngest population, 5% of osteopenia was found, which presents a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). When observing the total sample of working and control group, there was a statistically significant difference in the working and control group (p<0.01); incidence of osteoporosis in the working group amounted to 7.5% and in the control group it was 0.8%.Conclusion.Urolithiasis and osteoporosis are two multifactorial diseases which are evidently reciprocal. This is why we suggest that educating the population about the risk factors for occurrence of these diseases as well as preventive measures that may contribute to their decrease should begin as early as possible.

Introduction: Scientific studies show that many genetic factors can significantly contribute to the onset of osteoporosis in women. Aim: The aim of our study was to determine whether non-preventable risk factors (certain genetic predisposition - positive parameters of family and personal history, i.e. family history of osteoporosis, family history of fractures, osteoporotic fractures, previous fractures, menopause duration) can affect the occurrence of osteoporosis in women in postmenopausal age. Methods: The study was performed as matched case and controls study. A group of cases consisted of 100 female postmenopausal women in whom by the DEXA method was newly diagnosed osteoporosis at the Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism of the University Clinical Center of Republic Srpska during 2015-2016, while the control group consisted of 100 female postmenopausal women without diagnostic signs of osteoporosis. Groups were matched by age (± 2 years). In order to collect demographic data and data on risk factors for osteoporosis and life habits of patients, the Bone Mineral Density Questionnaire for females of the Irish Society for Osteoporosis was used. Results: The results of the univariate logistic regression in our study did not show that early loss of the menstrual cycle before 50 years of age was a significant factor for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (p=0.421, OR=0.966, 95% CI=0.889-1.051). The analysis of the data of a positive family history of osteoporosis as a risk factor by the model of the multivariate of logistic regression shows that the presence of osteoporosis in close relatives (usually the mother) represents a significant and independent risk factor for the development of osteoporosis (p=0.003, OR=4.567, 95% CI=1.674- 12.460). The results of the study show that the presence of earlier fractures in the tested subjects is a significant independent risk factor for osteoporosis (p=0.015, OR=2.464, 95% CI=1.195-5.084). Conclusion: The results of our study show that the presence of osteoporosis in close relatives (usually the mother) and the existence of previous fractures are significant risk factors for the occurrence of osteoporosis. The presence of these factors may be the reason for the selection of patients for further preventive or curative procedures.

Introduction:Scientific studies indicate that there is a correlation between decreased bone mineral density and the age of the patient, especially in post menopausal women.Goal:The aim of our study was to assess the connection between osteoporosis and the age of respondents, based on the DEXA findings in patients with calcium urolithiasis.Material and methods:The study was prospectively and conducted in University Clinical Center Banja Luka, at the Urology Clinic and Clinic of Internal Medicine. In this study the respondents were divided into two groups: experimental group–subjects with calcium urolithiasis and control group without calcium urolithiasis. The study included 240 patients, in both groups of 120 patients who were divided into three age groups: 20-40 years, 40-60 years and more than 60 years. In both groups of respondents was conducted determination of bone mineral density in L2-L4 vertebra lumbar spine and hip by DEXA method.Results:Observing the whole sample of the experimental group, according to age groups it can be noticed that DEXA results are at 72.5% normal, 27.5% below expected value, more in women within older subgroups, 20% show signs of osteopenia and osteoporosis in 7.5 %. Share of patients with osteoporosis is statistically different (p<0.05) only between sub-groups 20-40 years and over 60 years. Although appears absolute difference in the participation of patients with osteopenia by age groups, the differences are not statistically significant (p>0.05). The share of patients with normal DEXA values was significantly lower in the group over 60 years compared to the other two age groups (p<0.05). At age subgroups of the control group, the youngest group of respondents share with normal DEXA finding is 95% and among the oldest group (over 60 years) this share is much lower and is 60%, which represents a statistically significant difference, and confirms the relationship (p<0.01). Normal DEXA findings decreases with increasing years, the share of those who do not have normal findings is higher in the elderly population.Conclusion:Our study has just shown that in adult patients with calcium urolithiasis osteoporosis is more prevalent in older patients and more pronounced in patients with calcium urolithiasis in relation to the population without the same.