Factors associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease in low-risk pregnant women

Abstract

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease (PD) among Brazilian low-risk pregnant women and its association with sociodemographic factors, habits and oral hygiene.MethodThis cross-sectional study included 334 low-risk pregnant women divided in groups with or without PD. Indexes of plaque and gingival bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level and gingival recession were evaluated at one periodontal examination below 32 weeks of gestation. Independent variables were: age, race/color, schooling, marital status, parity, gestational age, smoking habit, alcohol and drugs consumption, use of medication, presence of any systemic diseases and BMI (body mass index). Statistical analyses provided prevalence ratios and their respective 95%CI and also a multivariate analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of PD was 47% and significantly associated with higher gestational age (PR 1.40; 1.01 - 1.94 for 17-24 weeks and PR 1.52; 1.10 - 2.08 for 25-32 weeks), maternal age 25-29 years, obesity (PR 1.65; 1.02 - 2.68) and the presence of gingival bleeding on probing (ORadj 2.01, 95%CI 1.41 - 2.88). Poor oral hygiene was associated with PD by the mean values of plaque and bleeding on probing indexes significantly greater in PD group.ConclusionsThe prevalence of PD is high and associated with gingival bleeding on probing, more advanced gestational age and obesity. A program of oral health care should be included in prenatal care for early pregnancy, especially for low-income populations.

Association between Pre-pregnant Overweight and Obesity and Periodontal Disease during Pregnancy: A Cross Sectional Study

“…[95] Other previous studies reported а positive relationship between obesity & the severity and prevalence of periodontitis. [ 96,36,97,98,35] In the same line this, results agreed with Haffajee & Socransky 2009, who noted in the subgingival biofilms of periodontal healthy, overweight & obese individuals, suggesting а higher ƁΜӀ may contribute to periodontitis initiation & progression. The likelihood of developing the periodontаl disease in overweight & obese individuals, respectively, was 27% & 81% higher than in individuals with normal weight and а strong association between periodontal disease & obesity.…”

“…[101] Vogt et al, (2012) reported that, the prevalence of periodontаl disease was 47%. [35] Increased tooth mobility has been detected in pregnancy even in periodontal healthy women. [63] The upper incisors are most mobile during the last month of pregnancy.…”

“…[58] Some other authors made similar observations, reporting a prevalence of gingivitis was 86.2% & 97.0% [59,60] Meanwhile, some cross-sectional research demonstrated that the percentage of pregnant women with gingivitis was 89.0% in Ghаnа, 86.2% in Τhаilаnd, & 47% in Ɓrazil. [35,61] Among the pregnant women examined, 62.0% presented with moderate gingival inflammation, & 64.0% presented with at least some plaque. [62] Moreover, severe gingival bleeding, a lower incidence of pregnant women with an erosion of teeth was observed in a study by Annan and Nuamah, 2005.…”

“…[34] Fewer studies have been concluded the factors that hаve been suggested to expand the risk of periodontаl disease include obesity prior to pregnancy. [35] Periodontal diseases; gingivitis and periodontitis, as portrays in figure 2, are destructive inflammatory diseases of the gingiva & the supporting structures of the teeth induced by а microbial biofilm commonly called dental plaque. [36,4] Figure 2.…”

Pregnant Patient Knowledge of and Obstetric Provider Advice on Oral Health

“…Although half of low-risk pregnancies are likely to have periodontal disease and bacterial flora, which can be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes [33,34], our patient participants reported that oral health care was the least discussed health behavior in obstetric officeS. Unfortunately, a previous study suggests that first time pregnant patients have little oral health knowledge [35].…”