“…Previous studies have examined various leadership styles, with numerous studies conducted on leadership style models developed many years ago, such as contingency, behavioural, trait and situational theories. Nevertheless, few research studies have been conducted on how leadership leads to the adoption of technologies such as e-commerce in organisations (Al-Junaibi et al, 2022;Vivian, Aidi, & Ram, 2018;Ahmed, 2017;Yan & Yan, 2013;Al-Gharbi, & Ashrafi, 2010). Many previous studies and literature on SMEs and e-commerce adoption tend to focus on factors that influence adoption decisions or differentiate users from non-users (Scupola 2014).…”