Factors determining resistance and susceptibility to infection with Toxoplasma gondii

Suzuki, Yasuhiro

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-7846-0_4

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The Type II clonal lineage is the most common lineage in Europe and North America; the Type III clonal lineage is found occasionally worldwide [ 5 , 7 , 15 ]. The dominance of Type II might be due to its fitness and enhanced ability to outcompete other genotypes (reviewed in Robert-Gangneux and Dardé, [ 3 ] as well as by its ability to form high numbers of cysts [ 4 , 34 ]. The Type II genetic lineage has been shown to be the dominant lineage in opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people and in congenital toxoplasmosis in Europe [ 8 , 35 ], and was found in 73% of cases of ocular disease in France [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and genotyping of viable Toxoplasma gondii from sheep and goats in Ethiopia destined for human consumption

Gebremedhin

Abdurahaman

Tessema

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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BackgroundToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects humans and a broad spectrum of warm-blooded vertebrates. The present study was undertaken with the objectives of isolation and determining the genotypes of T. gondii strains from sheep and goats slaughtered in East and West Shewa Zones of Oromia Regional State, Central Ethiopia.MethodsHearts of 47 sheep and 44 goats that were seropositive in the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) were bioassayed in mice. A multiplex PCR assay with 15 microsatellite markers was employed for genotyping of T. gondii isolates from sheep and goats.ResultsViable T. gondii were isolated from 47 (51.65%) animals, 27 sheep and 20 goats. Most isolates caused sub-clinical infections in mice, however, 2 sheep and 1 goat isolates were mouse-virulent, killing mice between 19–27 days post-inoculation. The success of T. gondii isolation in mice increased significantly (P = 0.0001) with higher DAT antibody titers in sheep and goats. Genotyping revealed that 29 (87.88%) of the 33 isolates were Type II, 3 (9.09%) were Type III and 1 (3.03%) was atypical. Three strains (one type II, one type III, and the atypical genotype) were virulent for mice.ConclusionsT. gondii tissue cysts in sheep and goats slaughtered for human consumption are widespread. This is the first report on isolation and genotyping of T. gondii from sheep and goats of Ethiopia.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-425) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and genotyping of viable Toxoplasma gondii from sheep and goats in Ethiopia destined for human consumption

Gebremedhin

Abdurahaman

Tessema

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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“…Several factors play a role in the susceptibility of humans to T. gondii infections and its health complications, including age, demographic characteristics, and immune system strength [ 9 , 11 , 13 ]. T. gondii infection is more prevalent in the United States (U.S.) among older people, Mexican Americans, other-Hispanics, and people who work in occupations such as mining, fishing, and construction [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and Liver Injury in US Adults

Babekir

Mostafa

Minor

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a ubiquitous obligatory intracellular parasite which infects over 40 million Americans and causes toxoplasmosis. Inside the human body, T. gondii can damage tissues and invade vital organs. Methods: This study evaluated the association of T. gondii infection and liver disease using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2010, with a sample size of 3371 participants (age 20–80 years). Toxoplasma infection was determined by the level of T. gondii IgG antibody in serum samples. Liver disease was assessed by liver injury biomarkers and the Fatty Liver Index (US-FLI). The evaluation of the association between T. gondii infection and liver disease included the calculation of the Mantel–Haenszel risk ratio (RRMH), Rho-Scott chi-square bivariate analyses, design-based t-tests, and linear and logistic regression models which were adjusted for demographic and anthropometric covariates. Results: Mean levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly more elevated in the T. gondii IgG-positive (IgG+) participants as compared to T. gondii-negative (IgG−) participants, p = 0.0435 and 0.0310, respectively. In linear regression analysis, exposure to T. gondii IgG+ had statistically significant positive associations with AST (p = 0.0211), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p = 0.0221), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (p = 0.0258) after adjusting for BMI, age, gender, and race. T. gondii exposure was associated with an elevated relative risk of chronic liver disease (CLD) (RRMH = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.05–1.51). This association was more pronounced in certain occupations, such as construction, agriculture, forestry, and fishing, where Toxoplasma infection is more common (p = 0.0477). Moreover, Toxoplasma infection increased the odds of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (OR = 6.99, 95% CI = 1.85–26.32, p = 0.0237). Conclusion: T. gondii IgG+ antibody was significantly associated with liver injury biomarkers (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP) and an increased risk of CLD and NAFLD. Moreover, the association of Toxoplasma with CLD was more evident in specific occupations where the prevalence of Toxoplasma was high. The findings of this study provide insight into utilizing liver biomarkers and US-FLI to assess the health complications of Toxoplasma when imaging tests are not accessible.

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Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii clonal type-specific antibody reactions in experimentally infected turkeys and chickens

Maksimov

Basso

Zerweck

et al. 2018

International Journal for Parasitology

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Factors determining resistance and susceptibility to infection with Toxoplasma gondii

Cited by 5 publications

References 50 publications

Isolation and genotyping of viable Toxoplasma gondii from sheep and goats in Ethiopia destined for human consumption

Isolation and genotyping of viable Toxoplasma gondii from sheep and goats in Ethiopia destined for human consumption

The Association of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and Liver Injury in US Adults

Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii clonal type-specific antibody reactions in experimentally infected turkeys and chickens

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