Factors Influencing Pedestrian Cautiousness in Crossing Streets

Harrell, W. Andrew

doi:10.1080/00224545.1991.9713863

Cited by 87 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Early studies on crosswalk and crossing had been carried out by [15,[84][85][86][87][88] for bidirectional pedestrian movement, and speed was the only parameter measured. The study by [87] found that illegal signalised crossings were nearly 30 − 45% at different locations in China and was a significant reason for pedestrians being killed regularly, yet pedestrians were more interested in crossing at grade instead of using the over or under passes.…”

Section: Crosswalk and Crossing Facilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service on dissimilar facilities: A critical review

2018

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Present paper reviewed the past studies on pedestrian flow characteristics (such as speed, flow, density, space, free-flow speed and jam density) and development of Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) for various pedestrian facilities (i.e., sidewalk, walkway, crosswalk, grade separated, stairways and escalators. Fundamental relationships (between speed and density) were observed over different facilities and were found to be significantly different. The fundamental relationships for sidewalk facility predicted the range of free flow speeds to be 65 − 85 m/min and jam densities to be 3.5 − 5.3 ped/m 2 . The minimum and maximum pedestrian speeds over sidewalk facility in different countries observed were 52 m/min and 98 m/min respectively, with a mean speed of 79 m/min. The male pedestrians walked at 4 − 9 m/min higher speed in comparison to their female counterparts; while the older pedestrians walked at 15 − 20 m/min lower speed than the younger ones over the various types of crosswalk facilities. Similarly, speed-density relationships for ascending and descending stairways showed that the difference between the two directions varied between 4 − 12 m/min, and that the speed was significantly higher in case of descending direction. Moreover, the jam densities for stairways were also observed to be lower in case of descending direction, as the pedestrians generally maintain higher gap (than in ascending direction) with other pedestrians in front to avoid pushing and the risk of falling down. The flow characteristics were significantly influenced by the type of facility, width, age, gender and location of the study. Primarily factors such as physique (height), culture (dress), attractions (presence of hawkers located along sidewalks), friction (due to parked vehicles), purpose of walking trip and environmental conditions were the main reasons for pedestrians of countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Sri-Lanka to walk significantly slower than the counterparts pedestrians in the USA, UK or Canada. The review conducted on the PLOS mainly looked into the type of survey conducted (qualitative vs. quantitative), LOS parameters and the various software/models used in development of LOS. Researchers from the USA and Japan preferably used both qualitative and quantitative approaches in defining LOS over sidewalks; while in India, China and Malaysia qualitative method was highly preferred. Pedestrian volume, safety, surface, obstruction and width were observed as essential parameters for qualitative survey while density, flow rate, pedestrian speed and width were used in quantitative survey for sidewalks. In developing the PLOS over sidewalk facility; Conjoint analysis, Landis method, HCM method, affinity propagation cluster algorithm and Gainesville method were preferred by various researchers. Studies conducted over crosswalk facility measured space, flow rate, vehicle volume and delay as the most significant factors in developing LOS based on quantitative technique; while vehicle speed, ...

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Section: Crosswalk and Crossing Facilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service on dissimilar facilities: A critical review

2018

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“…For road-way variables, AADT has a significantly negative impact on the occurrence of vehicle-pedestrian collisions in all NBR models. The main reason may be that pedestrians tend not to look carefully when vehicular traffic volume is low, resulting in an increase of the chance of being involved in a road collision (Harrell, 1991). Signalized (N_SIG_CROSS) and marked (N_MAR_CROSS) crossings also significantly increase the likelihood of vehicle-pedestrian collisions.…”

Section: Nbrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures of activity-based pedestrian exposure to the risk of vehicle-pedestrian collisions: Space-time path vs. potential path tree methods

Yao

Loo

Lam

2015

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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“…For example, the oncoming traffic volume or the traffic speed, neither of them considered in the present study, may influence the cyclists’ red-light behavior (Harrell, 1991; Yagil, 2000; Yang et al, 2006; van der Meel, 2013). Furthermore, to better understand the effect of social pressure, the present study should be complemented by data on peoples’ attitudes and beliefs concerning traffic light violations and, more generally, the obedience of the law.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Social Influence and Different Types of Red-Light Behaviors among Cyclists

Fraboni

Puchades

2016

Front. Psychol.

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Accident analysis and studies on traffic revealed that cyclists’ violation of red-light regulation is one typical infringement committed by cyclists. Furthermore, an association between cyclists’ crash involvement and red-light violations has been found across different countries. The literature on cyclists’ psychosocial determinants of red-light violation is still scarce. The present study, based on the classification of cyclists’ red-light behavior in risk-taking (ignoring the red-light and traveling through the junction without stopping), opportunistic (waiting at red-lights but being too impatient to wait for green signal and subsequently crossing the junction), and law-obeying (stopping to obey the red-light), adopted an eye-observational methodology to investigate differences in cyclists’ crossing behavior at intersections, in relation to traffic light violations and the presence of other cyclists. Based on the social influence explanatory framework, which states that people tend to behave differently in a given situation taking into consideration similar people’s behaviors, and that the effect of social influence is related to the group size, we hypothesized that the number of cyclists at the intersection will have an influence on the cyclists’ behavior. Furthermore, cyclists will be more likely to violate in an opportunistic way when other cyclists are already committing a violation. Two researchers at a time registered unobtrusively at four different intersections during morning and late afternoon peak hour traffic, 1381 cyclists approaching the traffic light during the red phase. The 62.9% violated the traffic control. Results showed that a higher number of cyclists waiting at the intersection is associated with fewer risk-taking violations. Nevertheless, the percentage of opportunistic violation remained high. For the condition of no cyclist present, risk-taking behaviors were significantly higher, whereas, they were significantly lower for conditions of two to four and five or more cyclists present. The percentage of cyclists committing a red-light violation without following any other was higher for those committing a risk-taking violation, whereas those following tended to commit opportunistic violations more often.

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Factors Influencing Pedestrian Cautiousness in Crossing Streets

Cited by 87 publications

References 9 publications

Pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service on dissimilar facilities: A critical review

Pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service on dissimilar facilities: A critical review

Measures of activity-based pedestrian exposure to the risk of vehicle-pedestrian collisions: Space-time path vs. potential path tree methods

Social Influence and Different Types of Red-Light Behaviors among Cyclists

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