Factors influencing stream temperatures in small streams: substrate effects and a shading experiment

Johnson, Sherri L.

doi:10.1139/f04-040

Cited by 326 publications

(382 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…On the contrary, hyporheic exchange enhances temperature diversity in surface and subsurface habitats [Malard et al, 2001;Johnson, 2004;Schmidt et al, 2006], moderates both diel and annual temperature cycles, and therefore induces responses from biota including fish [Baxter and Hauer, 2000;Geist et al, 2002;Hanrahan, 2007] and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities [Olsen and Townsend, 2003;Brown et al, 2005]. We highlight the distinction between cooler cycles and buffered and lagged cycles simply to promote a more critical evaluation of the underlying dynamics driving hyporheic influences on channel water temperatures.…”

Section: Future Research Needs and Ecological Significancementioning

confidence: 93%

“…[5] Where the magnitude of hyporheic exchange is sufficient, channel water temperatures are both influenced by and affect hyporheic water temperatures [e.g., White et al, 1987;Evans et al, 1995;Constantz and Thomas, 1997;Evans and Petts, 1997;Arscott et al, 2001;Malard et al, 2001;Johnson, 2004;Fernald et al, 2006;Loheide and Gorelick, 2006]. In small streams, hyporheic discharge commonly affects channel temperature across the entire channel [Storey et al, 2003;Johnson, 2004;Loheide and Gorelick, 2006], while in larger streams and rivers, hyporheic discharge has been shown to create thermal heterogeneity [Arscott et al, 2001;Fernald et al, 2006].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In small streams, hyporheic discharge commonly affects channel temperature across the entire channel [Storey et al, 2003;Johnson, 2004;Loheide and Gorelick, 2006], while in larger streams and rivers, hyporheic discharge has been shown to create thermal heterogeneity [Arscott et al, 2001;Fernald et al, 2006].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus hyporheic discharge is commonly cooler than channel water in spring and summer, and warmer than channel water in the winter and fall [Evans et al, 1995;Poole et al, 2008]. Similarly, hyporheic discharge commonly reduces the diel range in channel water temperature [Johnson, 2004;Loheide and Gorelick, 2006]. Along short hyporheic flow paths (e.g., ones to tens of meters in coarse-grained alluvial aquifers) the channel's diel temperature cycle can penetrate into the hyporheic zone via advection and/or conduction, though the timing of maximum and minimum temperatures in hyporheic discharge if often lagged relative to channel temperature cycles [Malard et al, 2001].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Buffered, lagged, or cooled? Disentangling hyporheic influences on temperature cycles in stream channels

Arrigoni

Poole

Mertes

et al. 2008

Water Resources Research

182

172

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[1] We monitored summertime base flow water temperatures of hyporheic discharge to surface water in main, side, and spring channels located within the bank-full scour zone of the gravel-and cobble-bedded Umatilla River, Oregon, USA. Diel temperature cycles in hyporheic discharge were common, but spatially variable. Relative to the main channel's diel cycle, hyporheic discharge locations typically had similar daily mean temperatures, but smaller diel ranges (compressed by 2 to 6°C) and desynchronized phases (offset by 0 to 6 h). In spring channels (which received only hyporheic discharge), surface water diel cycles were also compressed (by 2 to 6°C) and desynchronized (by À4 to 6 h) relative to the main channel, creating diverse daytime and nighttime mosaics of surface water temperatures across main, side, and spring channels, despite only minor differences (<1°C) in daily mean temperatures among the channels. The river's hyporheic zone received and stored heat from the channel, yet hyporheic return flows carried heat back to the channel minutes to months after removal. Associated surface water temperature dynamics were therefore complex. Hyporheic discharge was not simply ''cooler'' or ''warmer'' than main channel water. Instead, instantaneous temperature differences between channel water and hyporheic discharge typically arose from diel temperature cycles in hyporheic discharge that were buffered and lagged relative to diel cycles in the main channel.

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Section: Future Research Needs and Ecological Significancementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Buffered, lagged, or cooled? Disentangling hyporheic influences on temperature cycles in stream channels

Arrigoni

Poole

Mertes

et al. 2008

Water Resources Research

182

172

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“…Solar radiation reaching the stream is influenced by different topographic factors, including the prevailing riparian vegetation buffer, which can decrease incoming energy by up to 95% (Rutherford et al, 1997;Moore et al, 2005;DeWalle, 2010). During summer heatwave periods in particular, solar energy plays a key role in influencing stream energy heat budget, and consequently stream water temperature (Johnson, 2004;Leach and Moore, 2010;Groom et al, 2011). Hence shading through riparian vegetation, primarily in small to medium sized and slowly flowing lowland rivers, is often most relevant to avoid excessive heating in order to mitigate adverse effects on the ecosystem (Ghermandi et al, 2009;He et al, 2011;Holzapfel et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of riparian vegetation shading on water temperature during low flow conditions in a medium sized river

Kalny

Laaha

Melcher

et al. 2017

Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.

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-Stream water temperature limits the growth and survival of aquatic organisms; whereby riparian shading plays a key role in inhibiting river warming. This study explains the effects of riparian shading on summer water temperatures at a pre-alpine Austrian river, during heatwave and nonheatwave periods at low flow conditions. A vegetation-shading index was introduced for the quantification of riparian vegetation effects on water temperature. For maximum water temperatures, a downstream warming of 3.9°C was observed in unshaded areas, followed by a downstream cooling of 3.5°C in shaded reaches. Water temperature directly responded to air temperature and cloudiness. For an air temperature change of 2°C we modelled a water temperature change of 1.3°C for unshaded reaches, but lower changes for intensively shaded reaches. Similar daily variations at shaded reaches were up to 4°C lower than unshaded ones. This study gives clear evidence that for a medium-sized prealpine river, restoration practices should consider that discontinuity of riparian vegetation should be less than 6000 m; with more than 40% dense vegetation in order to minimize water temperature increases due to unshaded conditions. Keywords: riparian vegetation / vegetation-shading index / water temperature / river vegetation management / restorationRésumé -L'influence de la végétation rivulaire sur la température de l'eau pendant les conditions de faible débit dans une rivière de taille moyenne. La température de l'eau d'une rivière limite la croissance et la survie des organismes aquatiques ; de ce fait l'ombrage rivulaire joue un rôle clé dans la limitation du réchauffement des rivières. Cette étude analyse les effets de l'ombrage rivulaire sur les températures estivales de l'eau dans une rivière autrichienne préalpine, pendant les périodes de canicule et de non-canicule à faible débit. Un indice d'ombrage de la végétation a été introduit pour la quantification des effets de la végétation rivulaire sur la température de l'eau. Pour les températures maximales de l'eau, un réchauffement en aval de 3,9°C a été observé dans les zones non ombragées, suivi d'un refroidissement en aval de 3,5°C dans les zones ombragées. La température de l'eau a répondu directement à la température de l'air et à la nébulosité. Pour un changement de température de l'air de 2°C, nous avons modélisé un changement de température de l'eau de 1,3°C pour les zones non ombragées, mais des changements plus faibles pour les niveaux intensivement ombragés. Des variations quotidiennes semblables dans des zones ombragées étaient jusqu'à 4°C inférieures à celles non ombragées. Cette étude montre clairement que pour une rivière préalpine de taille moyenne, les pratiques de restauration devraient considérer que la discontinuité de la végétation riveraine doit être

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Sensitivity of summer stream temperatures to climate variability in the Pacific Northwest

Luce

Staab

Kramer

et al. 2014

Water Resources Research

124

153

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Estimating the thermal response of streams to a warming climate is important for prioritizing native fish conservation efforts. While there are plentiful estimates of air temperature responses to climate change, the sensitivity of streams, particularly small headwater streams, to warming temperatures is less well understood. A substantial body of literature correlates subannual scale temperature variations in air and stream temperatures driven by annual cycles in solar angle; however, these may be a low-precision proxy for climate change driven changes in the stream energy balance. We analyzed summer stream temperature records from forested streams in the Pacific Northwest for interannual correlations to air temperature and standardized annual streamflow departures. A significant pattern emerged where cold streams always had lower sensitivities to air temperature variation, while warm streams could be insensitive or sensitive depending on geological or vegetation context. A pattern where cold streams are less sensitive to direct temperature increases is important for conservation planning, although substantial questions may yet remain for secondary effects related to flow or vegetation changes induced by climate change.

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Factors influencing stream temperatures in small streams: substrate effects and a shading experiment

Cited by 326 publications

References 32 publications

Buffered, lagged, or cooled? Disentangling hyporheic influences on temperature cycles in stream channels

Buffered, lagged, or cooled? Disentangling hyporheic influences on temperature cycles in stream channels

The influence of riparian vegetation shading on water temperature during low flow conditions in a medium sized river

Sensitivity of summer stream temperatures to climate variability in the Pacific Northwest

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