Factors influencing the drug release from calcium phosphate cements

Abstract

Thanks to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, injectability and self-setting properties, calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have been the most economical and effective biomaterials of choice for use as bone void fillers. They have also been extensively used as drug delivery carriers owing to their ability to provide for a steady release of various organic molecules aiding the regeneration of defective bone, including primarily antibiotics and growth factors. This review provides a systematic compilation of studies that reported on the controlled release of drugs from CPCs in the last 25 years. The chemical, compositional and microstructural characteristics of these systems through which the control of the release rates and mechanisms could be achieved have been discussed. In doing so, the effects of (i) the chemistry of the matrix, (ii) porosity, (iii) additives, (iv) drug types, (v) drug concentrations, (vi) drug loading methods and (vii) release media have been distinguished and discussed individually. Kinetic specificities of in vivo release of drugs from CPCs have been reviewed, too. Understanding the kinetic and mechanistic correlations between the CPC properties and the drug release is a prerequisite for the design of bone void fillers with drug release profiles precisely tailored to the application area and the clinical picture. The goal of this review has been to shed light on these fundamental correlations.

Dual setting brushite—gelatin cement with increased ductility and sustained drug release

“…This is somewhere similar to other dual-setting cement matrices based on silk fibroin, 16 poly-hydroxyethylmethacrylate 46 or isocyanate modified polyethylenoxide-polypropylenoxide gels. 17 Calcium phosphate cements are generally considered to be diffusion-controlled drug releasing matrixes 47,48 due to the fact of being non-degradable systems. However, the here used brushite cement is a metastable formulation and to a certain extent resorbable in Vitro/in Vivo due to dissolution processes and therefore the achieved release mechanisms are depending on additional study parameters and are consequently even more complex.…”

Biodegradable Carbonate Apatite Nanoparticle as a Delivery System to Promote Afatinib Delivery for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment

“…Depending on the IUPAC classification system, the resulting isotherms from N 2 adsorption/desorption obtained for nCA and nCA/AFA were type IV isotherms (Figure 8). The hysteresis loop was H1, indicating that the nanoparticles and nanocomposites are mesoporous [49]. The synthesised nCA-and nCA/AFA-specific surface areas, BIJ pore width, and pore volume are presented in Table 2.…”

Sudoku of porous, injectable calcium phosphate cements – Path to osteoinductivity

“…For readers who are looking for a deeper insight into this topic, authors suggest consulting a review by Ginebra et al, cited here as a reference [ 81 ], the article presents different methods for drug delivery in the skeletal system and names valuable developments on this field. Another suggestable review [ 194 ] provides compilation of studies in controlled release of drugs from CPCs and factors affecting and determining drug release kinetics are revealed.…”