Factors related to Continuous Participation in the Pap Smear Screening among Korean Women: using a Structural Model

Effects of a Cognition‐Emotion Focused Program to Increase Public Participation in Papanicolaou Smear Screening

“…Content validity was examined throughout the instrument development process. The Cronbach's α (0.80 in Park, 1999) was 0.85 in this study.…”

“…Knowledge of cervical cancer and Pap smears was measured using the Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test developed by Park (1999). It is composed of 20 items inquiring basic information on risk factors, early symptoms of cervical cancer, and time and preparation for a Pap test.…”

“…Health belief was measured using Champion's HBM (1987) translated by Park (1999) and modified to reflect the situation of Korean women regarding Pap test behavior. Three nurse researchers and two nurses with experience in gynecology examined the translation for content validity in a study involving 623 women.…”

Identifying barriers to Papanicolaou smear screening in Korean women: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005

“…[6][7][8] Negative emotions, such as shame, embarrassment, and uncomfortableness with a male physician were also reported as having a significant effect on perceived barriers to getting a Pap smear. 9 Other factors identified to negative affect women's decision to get the test include: getting old, low income, low-level of education, lack of insurance coverage, extreme body weight values, disability, uncertain self-efficacy of Pap, negative feelings toward gynecology exam and distinct characteristics of culture. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Several previous studies have found that there are a lot of barriers to cervical cancer screening.…”

Practice and Barriers towards Cervical Cancer Screening among University Staff at a Malaysian University

“…A very high percentage of women in the Jordanian study by Amarin et al [31] Showed that 62.8% of participants expressed the preference for having a female administer the test. Negative emotions, such as shame, embarrassment, and uncomfortableness with a male physician were also reported as having a significant effect on the perceived barriers to getting a Pap smear [50]. Similar Malaysian study showed that the majority of the participants agreed that the gender of the physician will affect the women's decision to do Pap smear test [51].…”