“…However, studies across the globe have found gaps in available studies and a sufficient number of novel investigations on UILs, including the ones in Australia (Jones and de Zubielqui, 2017), Africa (Outamha and Belhcen, 2020), Malaysia (Ismail et al, 2022), the Netherlands (Bodas Freitas and Verspagen, 2017), Nigeria (Alli and Dada, 2023), Pakistan (Malik et al, 2021), Sri Lanka (Wickramasinghe and Malik, 2018), Thailand (Intarakumnerd and Jutarosaga, 2023), Turkey (Kleiner-Schaefer and Schaefer, 2022), the United Kingdom (Johnston, 2021) and the United States (Mendoza and € Ocal, 2022). Accordingly, the lack of effective UILs is a global issue faced by both developed and developing nations around the world.…”