Fading red? No evidence that color of trunks influences outcomes in the ultimate fighting championship (UFC)

Pollet, Thomas V.; Peperkoorn, Leonard S.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00643

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…They can be attributed to the inherently intimidating effects of redness on opponents (Ten Velden et al, 2012 ; Elliot and Maier, 2014 ) and the link between wearing red and increased heart rate, physical strength and higher testosterone levels. There is also experimental evidence that red coloration itself enhances winning in many vertebrate species, including nonhuman primates (Baube, 1997 ; Pryke et al, 2001 ; Dijkstra et al, 2005 ; Khan et al, 2011 ) but see (Pollet and Peperkoorn, 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Blue Uniform Color Enhance Winning Probability in Judo Contests?

Dijkstra

Preenen

Essen³

2018

Front. Psychol.

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The color of an athlete's uniform may have an effect on psychological functioning and consequently bias the chances of winning contests in sport competition. Several studies reported a winning bias for judo athletes wearing a blue outfit relative to those wearing a white outfit. However, we argue there is no winning bias and that previous studies were confounded and based on small and specific data sets. We tested whether blue biases winning in judo using a very extensive judo data set (45,874 contests from all international judo tournaments between 2008 and 2014). In judo, the first called athlete for the fight used to wear the blue judogi but this was changed to the white judogi in 2011. This switch enabled us to compare the win bias before and after this change to isolate the effect of the color of the judogi. We found a significant win bias for the first called athlete, but this effect was not significantly related to the color of the judogi. The lack of a significant win effect of judogi color suggests that blue does not bias winning in judo, and that the blue-white pairing ensures an equal level of play. Our study shows the importance of thoroughly considering alternative explanations and using extensive datasets in color research in sports and psychology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Blue Uniform Color Enhance Winning Probability in Judo Contests?

Dijkstra

Preenen

Essen³

2018

Front. Psychol.

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“…As mentioned already, the particular context, the salience of the red stimulus, the uncertainty or ambiguity in the decision, and numerous other factors may determine whether a red effect can be detected. A growing number of researchers have failed to find effects in various contexts ( Allen & Jones, 2012 ; Arthur, Cho, & Muñoz, 2016 ; García-Rubio et al, 2011 ; Hesslinger, Goldbach, & Carbon, 2015 ; Larsson & von Stumm, 2015 ; Lynn, Giebelhausen, Garcia, Li, & Patumanon, 2013 ; Pollet & Peperkoorn, 2013 ; Smajic, Merritt, Banister, & Blinebry, 2014 ; Steele, 2014 ). As such, the current results might be the result of difficulties in generalizing to real-world contexts or situations where a variety of influences are present.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In sporting contexts, wearing red leads to more wins in combat sports ( Hill & Barton, 2005 ; cf. Pollet & Peperkoorn, 2013 ), soccer ( Attrill, Gresty, Hill, & Barton, 2008 ; cf. Allen & Jones, 2012 ; García-Rubio, Picazo-Tadeo, & González-Gómez, 2011 ), Australian rugby ( Piatti, Savaga, & Torgler, 2012 ), and online computer games ( Ilie, Ioan, Zagrean, & Moldovan, 2008 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Red Power(less) Tie

Kramer

2016

Evol Psychol

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Research has demonstrated that wearing red can have significant effects on perceptions of the wearer. However, these findings are based on impressions formed while viewing static images. Here, I focus on perceptions of political leaders and show participants short videos in order to investigate color effects in stimuli with increased ecological validity. Viewers watched videos of politicians and made judgments regarding how dominant, how good a leader, and how believable the politicians appeared to be. The colors of the politicians' ties were digitally manipulated to be red or blue. Whether the politician was familiar (Study 1) or unfamiliar to viewers (Study 2), tie color had no effect on perceptions. Even when the sound was muted in order to increase the influence of visual cues (Study 3), I found no clothing color effect. Finally, when only presented with a static image (Study 4), wearing red still had no effect on judgments. These results suggest that, at least in a political setting, wearing red has no effect on perceptions. Therefore, real-world applications associated with red clothing may be limited.

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“…Indeed, others found that teams wearing red shirts did not perform better than others in elite soccer leagues in Germany, Poland, and Spain (García-Rubio, Picazo-Tadeo, & González-Gómez, 2011; Color in the Achievement Context in Humans 7 Kocher & Sutter, 2008;Szmajke & Sorokowski, 2006), and the National Hockey League in North America (Caldwell & Burger, 2011), while Allen and Jones (2014) found that the greater home advantage for red-shirted teams within the English Premier League disappeared when controlling for team ability. Greenlees, Eynon, and Thelwell, (2013) showed that viewing red (relative to blue and green) on a goalkeeper's uniform undermines penalty kick performance, although Pollet and Peperkoorn (2013) found no evidence that the color of shorts influenced the outcome of fights in the ultimate fighting championship. In contrast, Ilie, Ioan, Zagrean, and Moldovan (2008) showed that the red advantage may occur even within a virtual arena.…”

Section: Red In Sporting Contextsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Color in achievement contexts in humans

Meier¹,

Hill²,

Elliot³

et al. 2015

Handbook of Color Psychology

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Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. lightness, chroma, and hue. In this chapter we focus on the hue dimension, primarily on red, blue, and green, since experimental work has focused on these colors. Whilst the other two attributes are also crucial in color research, we do not highlight their significance in this chapter since lightness and chroma were (mostly) held constant across hue conditions in the research Research on nonhuman primates in competitive encounters indicates that red displays and other threat-relevant cues prompt avoidance by conspecifics, as indicated by submission and appeasement gestures and actions (Gerald, Waitt, & Little, 2008;Setchell & Wickings, 2005). In humans, encountering a negative object, event, or possibility, including the possibility of failure, is known to automatically evoke a motivational tendency to avoid that object, event, or possibility (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999;Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999). In addition, research has demonstrated that avoidance motivation in achievement settings evokes anxiety, task distraction, and a number of self-protective processes (e.g., disidentification, selfhandicapping; Birney, Burdick, & Teevan, 1969;Elliot & Church, 2003;Elliot & McGregor, 1999;Hembree, 1988;Osborne, 1995;Zuckerman, Kieffer, & Knee, 1998) that negatively influence performance on tasks requiring flexible mental manipulation (i.e., tasks commonly encountered at school and work). Accordingly, viewing red in an achievement context is posited to impair performance attainment because it evokes avoidance, which in turn, is inimical to performance. The activation, operation, and influence of avoidance motivation in this hypothesized red effect is thought to take place outside of conscious awareness; that is, it acts in an implicit rather than explicit fashion (see Friedman & Förster, 2010).Researchers have begun to explore such red associations in different variants of achievement situations, such as sporting contests, exam-like situations, and competence evaluations within impression formation scenarios. In the remainder of the chapter we provide an overview of empirical work on the effects of red on sport performance, cognitive mechanisms, behavioral processes, and psychophysiological activity in evaluative contexts. Red in evaluative contexts Red in sporting contextsExploring premise 2 and 4 of the CIC theory, several studies have investigated whether color has a psychological impact that influences performance and outcomes in sports. This work was ...

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Fading red? No evidence that color of trunks influences outcomes in the ultimate fighting championship (UFC)

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Does Blue Uniform Color Enhance Winning Probability in Judo Contests?

Does Blue Uniform Color Enhance Winning Probability in Judo Contests?

The Red Power(less) Tie

Color in achievement contexts in humans

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