“…These propositions can be grouped into three broad categories: individual, institutional, and systemic explanations (Johnston, 1995). Literature dealing with an individual level of analysis focuses on police candidates, cadets, probationary officers and active officers, and their background characteristics, including their personality characteristics, socio-economic status (SES), and moral stance toward ethical or unethical instances relevant to police corruption (Beck and Lee, 2002; Chan et al, 2003). The individual approach attributes the causes of corruption to the individual and summarizes them in three major categories, namely, the rotten apple, recruitment, and police personality approaches (Banks, 2004).…”