False claims about false memory research

Wade, Kimberley A.; Sharman, Stefanie J.; Garry, Maryanne; Memon, Amina; Mazzoni, Giuliana; Merckelbach, Harald; Loftus, Elizabeth F.

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2006.07.001

Cited by 69 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Thus, although procedures used to investigate spontaneous false memories differ from those used to examine implanted false memories, it does seem that the results are similar -that is, negative-emotional material, regardless of whether it consists of a word list (the current research; Brainerd et al, 2008;Howe, 2007) or an entire event narrative (e.g., Otgaar et al, 2008; for an overview, see Loftus, 2004), is more vulnerable to false memory illusions than neutral material. Indeed, it may be that the same underlying mechanisms are responsible for false memory illusions regardless of one's paradigm of preference (also see Wade et al, 2007).…”

Section: Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valence and the development of immediate and long-term false memory illusions

Howe

Candel

Otgaar

et al. 2010

Memory

126

151

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This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. and children's (Experiment 2) true recall and recognition was better for neutral than negative items and although false recall was also higher for neutral items, false recognition was higher for negative items. The last three experiments examined adults' (Experiment 3) and children's (Experiments 4 and 5) one-week long-term recognition of neutral and negative-emotional information. The results replicated the immediate recall and recognition findings from the first two experiments. More important, these experiments showed that although true recognition decreased over the one-week interval, false recognition of neutral items remained unchanged whereas false recognition of negative-emotional items increased. These findings are discussed in terms of theories of emotion and memory as well as their forensic implications. Permanent repository linkKeywords: Valence and memory; False memory development; DRM paradigmValence and the Development of Immediate and Long-Term False Memory Illusions Our memory is a reconstructive process in which errors often occur (for an overview see Koriat, Goldsmith, & Pansky, 2000). That means that we might falsely remember details that we in fact did not encounter. In recent years, the development of false memories has been extensively studied with the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Deese, 1959;Roediger & McDermott, 1995). Using this paradigm, participants are presented with word lists that consist of close semantic associates of a non-presented critical lure. For example, a list might consist of the words door, glass, pane, shade, ledge, sill, house, open, curtain, frame, view, breeze, sash, screen, and shutter which are all related to the non-presented word window. Studies have shown that participants have the tendency to falsely recall and recognize the critical lures during subsequent memory tests (for an overview see Gallo, 2006). Another robust finding obtained with the DRM paradigm is a reverse age effect. Specifically, studies have shown that the development of spontaneous false memories increases as a function of age (e.g., Brainerd, Reyna, & Brandse, 1995;Howe, 2005Howe, , 2006Howe, , 2008Sugrue & Hayne, 2006). The low levels of spontaneous false memories found in young children may be due to a failure to automatically access associative relations between list items and the critical lure (associative-activation theory, or AAT, e.g., Howe, 2005Howe, , 2008Howe, Gagnon, & Thouas, 2008;Howe, Wimmer, & Blease, 2009a;Howe, Wimmer, Gagnon, & Plumpton, 2009b) or to extract gist memories across words on DRM lists (fuzzy-trace theory, or FTT, e.g., Brainerd & Reyna, 2005).Despite the robust findings produced by the DRM paradigm, researchers have questioned the ecological validity of this paradigm (Freyd & Gleaves, 1996). One concern raised by Freyd and Gleaves is that in real world scenarios false memories often involve emotional events. To address this concer...

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Section: Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valence and the development of immediate and long-term false memory illusions

Howe

Candel

Otgaar

et al. 2010

Memory

126

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The classic misinformation paradigm involves three standard stages: experiencing an event, receiving misinformation about the event, and being tested for memory of the event (Loftus, 2005). Although different paradigms can all induce false memories, there are controversies regarding the nature of such false memories (Pezdek & Lam, 2007;Wade et al, 2007) and whether the processes leading to false memories are similar in the various paradigms. Roediger (1996) introduced the label ''memory illusions'' to try to capture the potential diversity in false memories.…”

Section: Experimental Paradigms Used To Induce False Memoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in false memory from misinformation: Personality characteristics and their interactions with cognitive abilities

Zhu

Chen

Loftus

et al. 2010

Personality and Individual Differences

Self Cite

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“…Many studies have highlighted suggestion-related qualitative changes in memory content resulting in, for example, memory distortion and 'false' memories (Schacter and Slotnick, 2004;Wade, Sharman, Garry, Memon, Mazzoni, Merckelbach, and Loftus, 2007). In addition, other studies have shown that the cognitive capacities within some memory domains may be increased or preserved over time through specific training regimes (Jaeggi et al 2008;Klingberg et al 2005) or modulated through hypnosis (Mendelsohn, Chalamish, Solomonovich, and Dudai, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Placebo-mediated, Naloxone-sensitive suggestibility of short-term memory performance

Stern

Candia

Porchet

et al. 2011

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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Placebo-mediated, Naloxone-sensitive suggestibility of short-term memory performance We adhered to an established conceptual framework of placebo research and used the μ-opioid-antagonist Naloxone to test the applicability of this framework within a cognitive domain (e.g. memory) in healthy volunteers. Healthy men (n=62, age 29, SD=9) were required to perform a task-battery, including standardized and custom-designed memory tasks, to test short-term recall and delayed recognition. Tasks were performed twice, before and after intravenous injection of either NaCl (0.9%) or Naloxone (both 0.15mg/kg), in a double-blind setting. While one group was given neutral information (S-), the other was told that it might receive a drug with suspected memory-boosting properties (S+). Objective and subjective indexes of memory performance and salivary cortisol (as a stress marker) were recorded during both runs and differences between groups were assessed. Short-term memory recall, but not delayed recognition, was objectively increased after placebo-mediated suggestion in the NaCl-group. Naloxone specifically blocked the suggestion effect without interfering with memory performance. These results were not affected when changes in salivary cortisol levels were considered. No reaction time changes, recorded to uncover unspecific attentional impairment, were seen. Placebo-mediated suggestion produced a training-independent, objective and Naloxone-sensitive increase in memory performance. These results indicate an opioid-mediated placebo effect within a circumscribed cognitive domain in healthy volunteers. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Accepted ManuscriptPlacebo-mediated, Naloxone-sensitive suggestibility of shortterm memory performance extensively, opioids. We adhered to an established conceptual framework of placebo research and used the μ-opioid antagonist Naloxone to test the applicability of this framework within a cognitive domain (e.g. memory) in healthy volunteers. Healthy men (n = 62, age 29, SD = 9) were required to perform a task-battery, including standardized and custom-designed memory tasks, to test short-term recall and delayed recognition. Tasks were performed twice, before and after intravenous injection of either NaCl (0.9%) or Naloxone (both 0.15mg/kg), in a double-blind setting. While one group was given neutral information (S-), the other was told that it might receive a drug with suspected memory-boosting properties (S+). Objective and subjective indexes of memory performance and salivary cortisol (as a stress marker) were recorded during both runs and differences between groups were...

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False claims about false memory research

Cited by 69 publications

References 68 publications

Valence and the development of immediate and long-term false memory illusions

Valence and the development of immediate and long-term false memory illusions

Individual differences in false memory from misinformation: Personality characteristics and their interactions with cognitive abilities

Placebo-mediated, Naloxone-sensitive suggestibility of short-term memory performance

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