Familial Confounding of the Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Offspring Substance Use and Problems

D’Onofrio, Brian M.; Rickert, Martin E.; Långström, Niklas; Donahue, Kelly L.; Coyne, Claire A.; Larsson, Henrik; Ellingson, Jarrod M.; Hulle, Carol A. Van; Iliadou, Anastasia; Rathouz, Paul J.; Lahey, Benjamin B.; Lichtenstein, Paul

doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2107

Cited by 66 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…There are some studies that suggest a causal relation between maternal smoking and child behavioral problems (Brion et al, 2010). However, there are some studies that suggest that the association between prenatal smoking and problems later in life are not caused by the prenatal exposure, but are due to other familial factors (D'Onofrio et al, 2008;D'Onofrio et al, 2012). Thus, if prenatal tobacco exposure does not have a teratogenic effect, then these familial risk factors should be factors that are involved in brain development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Brain Morphology: A Prospective Study in Young Children

Marroun

Schmidt

Franken

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

107

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It is well known that smoking during pregnancy can affect offspring health. Prenatal tobacco exposure has been associated with negative behavioral and cognitive outcomes in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. These associations between prenatal tobacco exposure and psychopathology in offspring could possibly be explained by the influence of prenatal tobacco exposure on brain development. In this prospective study, we investigated the association between prenatal tobacco exposure, behavioral and emotional functioning and brain morphology in young children. On the basis of age and gender, we matched 113 children prenatally exposed to tobacco with 113 unexposed controls. These children were part of a population-based study in the Netherlands, the Generation R Study, and were followed from pregnancy onward. Behavioral and emotional functioning was assessed at age 6 with the Child Behavior Checklist. We assessed brain morphology using magnetic resonance imaging techniques in children aged 6-8 years. Children exposed to tobacco throughout pregnancy have smaller total brain volumes and smaller cortical gray matter volumes. Continued prenatal tobacco exposure was associated with cortical thinning, primarily in the superior frontal, superior parietal, and precentral cortices. These children also demonstrated increased scores of affective problems. In addition, thickness of the precentral and superior frontal cortices was associated with affective problems. Importantly, brain development in offspring of mothers who quit smoking during pregnancy resembled that of nonexposed controls (no smaller brain volumes and no thinning of the cortex). Our findings suggest an association between continued prenatal tobacco exposure and brain structure and function in school-aged children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Brain Morphology: A Prospective Study in Young Children

Marroun

Schmidt

Franken

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Several quasi-experimental studies (e.g., comparisons of siblings differentially exposed to SDP and in-vitro fertilization studies) have suggested that the long-term associations are due to familial confounding, rather than being causal (D’Onofrio et al , 2012, D’Onofrio et al. , 2010a, D’Onofrio et al , 2010b, D’Onofrio et al , 2008, Gilman et al , 2008, Kuja-Halkola et al , 2010, Lambe et al , 2006, Langley et al , 2012, Lundberg et al , 2010, Thapar et al , 2009), see review in D’Onofrio et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Adverse Outcomes in Offspring: Genetic and Environmental Sources of Covariance

et al. 2014

Self Cite

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Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) has been associated with several psychiatric outcomes in the offspring; studies have questioned whether the associations are causal, however. We analyzed all children born in Sweden between 1983 and 2009 to investigate the effect of SDP on multiple indicators of adverse outcomes in three areas: pregnancy outcomes (birth weight, preterm birth and being born small for gestational age), long-term cognitive abilities (low academic achievement and general cognitive ability) and externalizing behaviors (criminal conviction, violent criminal conviction and drug misuse). SDP was associated with all outcomes. Within-family analyses of the pregnancy outcomes were consistent with a causal interpretation as the associations persisted when siblings discordant for SDP were compared. For the cognitive and externalizing outcomes, the results were not consistent with causal effects; when comparing differentially exposed siblings none of the associations remained significant. In quantitative genetic models genetic factors explained the majority of the associations between SDP and cognitive and externalizing outcomes. The results suggest that the associations between SDP in mothers and cognition and externalizing behaviors in their offspring is primarily due to genetic effects that influence the behaviors in both generations.

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“…This poses a challenge to assessing the causal effect of maternal-offspring attachment. Family-level characteristics that are potentially confounding factors include family socioeconomic status and family violence, as well as maternal characteristics including marital status, personality attributes, nonmedical prescription opioid use, and psychiatric history (D'Onofrio et al, 2012; Kendler et al, 2013). While some investigators have measured some of these factors in studies of maternal-offspring attachment and other types of substance use, determining whether or not there is a causal effect of maternal-offspring attachment may require accounting for all of them simultaneously as well as other unmeasured and unknown confounders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family ties: Maternal-offspring attachment and young adult nonmedical prescription opioid use

Cerdá

Bordelois

Keyes

et al. 2014

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Nonmedical prescription drug use is prevalent among young adults, yet little is known about modifiable determinants of use. We examined whether maternal-offspring attachment reported at mean age 21 was associated with nonmedical prescription opioid use at mean age 26, and investigated whether a history of depressive symptoms and substance use played a role in associations between maternal-offspring attachment and nonmedical prescription opioid use. Methods We used data from the Growing Up Today Study, a longitudinal cohort of United States adolescents followed into young adulthood. Maternal-offspring attachment was reported by young adults and their mothers, and defined as mutual low, mutual medium or high, and dissonant. Analyses were carried out in the full sample using generalized estimating equation models, and in a sibling subsample, using conditional fixed effects models to control for stable aspects of the family environment. Results Analyses with the full sample and the sibling subsample both showed that mutual medium/high maternal-offspring attachment at age 21 was associated with lower odds of nonmedical prescription opioid use at age 26 (RR=0.74; 95% CI=0.57-0.97 in full sample). The association was partly mediated by mean age 23 offspring smoking, heavy episodic drinking, and illicit drug use. Conclusions Promoting reciprocal attachment in the maternal-offspring dyad should be investigated as a strategy to prevent nonmedical prescription opioid use by young adulthood. Even in young adulthood, programs that target both parents and offspring may have greater impact on offspring substance use than programs that target offspring alone.

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Familial Confounding of the Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Offspring Substance Use and Problems

Cited by 66 publications

References 63 publications

Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Brain Morphology: A Prospective Study in Young Children

Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Brain Morphology: A Prospective Study in Young Children

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Adverse Outcomes in Offspring: Genetic and Environmental Sources of Covariance

Family ties: Maternal-offspring attachment and young adult nonmedical prescription opioid use

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