Family embeddedness and entrepreneurship experience: a study of Indian migrant women entrepreneurs in Australia

The Importance of Cross-Cultural Capabilities for Chinese Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Australia

“…The thesis found that there are a set of skills related to psychological adaptation and sociocultural adaptation that are important for immigrant entrepreneurs to undertake business in the host country. This extends the current literature that focuses on immigrant entrepreneurs' language skill (e.g., Azmat & Fujimoto, 2016;Sui et al, 2015). Furthermore, to the researcher's knowledge, this thesis may be the first research that identifies three distinct intergenerational cohorts in terms of their age of arrival (Rumbaut, 2004) among the first generation immigrant entrepreneurs whose cross-cultural capabilities are adapted differently.…”

“…In recent years, research highlighting the importance of a specific skill, such as language, has grown (e.g., Azmat & Fujimoto, 2016;Kolb et al, 2001;Sui et al, 2015). However, aside from language skills, there are other humancultural capital that are also important and require further investigation (Nee & Sanders, 2001).…”

“…In addition, although the ethnic gender role and host country sociocultural context have a suggested influence on immigrant entrepreneurship (Azmat & Fujimoto, 2016), researchers have pointed out that the literature on immigrant entrepreneurship often overlooks issues of gender (Collins & Low, 2010;Robertson & Grant, 2016). …”

“…Relevant studies have also paid attention to the immigrant's gender role (Azmat & Fujimoto, 2016;Verduijn & Essers, 2013). Some research labels female immigrants as having a "triple disadvantage" (first as immigrants, second as women, and third as immigrants from developing countries) (Raijman & Semyonov, 1997, p. 121).…”

“…More recently, a mixed-embeddedness perspective, proposed by Kloosterman, Van der Leun, and Rath (1999), Kloosterman and Rath (2001), and Kloosterman (2010), has been widely used to analyse the social capital of immigrant entrepreneurs in certain countries (Azmat & Fujimoto, 2016;Dassler, Seaman, Bent, Lamb, & Mateer, 2007;Jones, Ram, Edwards, Kiselinchev, & Muchenje, 2014). The mixed-embeddedness perspective suggests that the analysis of immigrant entrepreneurship should combine the micro-level of the individual entrepreneur with the meso-level of the local opportunity structure, and macro-institutional level (Kloosterman, 2010;Kloosterman & Rath, 2001;Kloosterman, et al, 1999;).…”