Prior studies on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and innovation suggest either a competing or a complementary relationship between CSR and spending on research and development (R&D) activities. In this study, we unravel this puzzle by theorizing an inverted U-shaped relationship between CSR in general and corporate philanthropy (CP) in particular, and R&D spending. Drawing mainly on stakeholder theory, we suggest that CP, by securing stakeholders' support differently at different levels of spending, would first increase and then reduce R&D spending. Evidence from Chinese publicly traded companies during 2006-2015 well supports our arguments. In addition, we find this inverse U-shaped non-linear relationship between CP and R&D spending to be strengthened by firm visibility and weakened by firm size. This study has important theoretical and practical implications.This study has also significant practical implications. First, business executives are made aware of the positive effect of CP on firms' innovative behavior and performance. CP and other social actions may help firms get support from various stakeholders, and improve their ability to innovate. Therefore, social responsibility should be regarded as a strategic investment rather than a social burden. However, from a pragmatic perspective, too high level of CP is not necessary.
474Y. Gao et al.