Family Studies of Respiratory Infections

Brimblecombe, F. S. W.; Cruickshank, R.; Masters, P. L.; Reid, D. D.; Stewart, George H.

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5063.119

Cited by 129 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…There are a number of hypotheses for the mechanism of downregulation, including induction of gammainterferon leading to downregulation of the MARCO receptor in alveolar macrophages [52], and type 1 interferon-mediated reduction in the production of chemo-attractants for neutrophils [53]. Influenza infection also increases susceptibility to pneumococcal acquisition in ferrets [54] and the role of respiratory viruses may be critical to the transmission of the pneumococcus in humans, with observations over the past 50 years suggesting enhanced isolation of pneumococci from individuals with symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections [55][56][57].…”

Section: Role Of the Pneumococcus In Influenza-associated Pneumonia Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of vaccines to our understanding of pneumococcal disease

Klugman

2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in children in developing countries and is also the leading infectious cause of death in adults. The most important cause of pneumonia is the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as the pneumococcus. It has thus become the leading vaccine-preventable cause of death and is a successful and diverse human pathogen. The development of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines has made possible the prevention of pneumococcal disease in infants, but has also elucidated aspects of pneumococcal biology in a number of ways. Use of the vaccine as a probe has increased our understanding of the burden of pneumococcal disease in children globally. Vaccination has also elucidated the clinical spectrum of vaccine-preventable pneumococcal infections; the identification of a biological niche for multiple pneumococcal serotypes in carriage and the differential invasiveness of pneumococcal serotypes; the impact of pneumococcal transmission among children on disease burden in adults; the role of carriage as a precursor to pneumonia; the plasticity of a naturally transformable pathogen to respond to selective pressure through capsular switching and the accumulation of antibioticresistance determinants; and the role of pneumococcal infections in hospitalization and mortality associated with respiratory viral infections, including both seasonal and pandemic influenza. Finally, there has been a recent demonstration that pneumococcal pneumonia in children may be an important cause of hospitalization for those with underlying tuberculosis.

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Section: Role Of the Pneumococcus In Influenza-associated Pneumonia Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of vaccines to our understanding of pneumococcal disease

Klugman

2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…For each type of individual, the study gives statistics related to the introduction and secondary attack rates of Acute coryza [5,Table IV], the crossinfection rates [5,Table V], and the ratios quantifying the relative susceptibility and the relative communicability [5, Table VI]. Based on this set of empirical data in [5], we specify a stochastic SIS epidemic model with five nodes, each having heterogeneous infectiousness and/or susceptibility. Concrete specifica-tions for the rates λ i , β i,j and γ i are then derived from [5, Tables III-VI] in a straightforward manner, and we thus omit here their resulting expressions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this example, results are related to a classical study conducted by Brimblecombe et al [5], which is designed to describe the introduction and spread of respiratory diseases among families of the same size and structure living in the same district at the same time, but under varying domestic conditions. Specifically, our interest is in the syndrome Acute coriza.…”

Section: Appendix a Glossary Of Notationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, our interest is in the syndrome Acute coriza. In the survey by Brimblecombe et al [5], only families consisting of father, mother and three…”

Section: Appendix a Glossary Of Notationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our major motivation is to analyze various descriptors in the exact 2 N -state Markov chain model with heterogeneous contacts, and understand the influence of graph characteristics on epidemic spreading under the practically relevant situation when N is small, which is related to small communities sharing confined spaces as families (Brimblecombe et al [5], Grimwood et al [14]), nursing homes (Chamchod and Ruan [6]) and intensive care units (ICUs) (Artalejo [3], Austin et al [4], Cooper et al [8], Forrester and Pettitt [12], McBryde et al [20]). The reader is alerted to the fact that our assumption of small population size N does not amount to the term small-world network (see e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A stochastic SIS epidemic model with heterogeneous contacts

Economou

Gómez‐Corral

López‐García

2015

Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications

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A stochastic model for the spread of an SIS epidemic among a population consisting of N individuals, each having heterogeneous infectiousness and/or susceptibility, is considered and its behavior is analyzed under the practically relevant situation when N is small. The model is formulated as a finite timehomogeneous continuous-time Markov chain X . Based on an appropriate labeling of states, we first construct its infinitesimal rate matrix by using an iterative argument, and we then present an algorithmic procedure for computing steadystate measures, such as the number of infected individuals, the length of an outbreak, the maximum number of infectives, and the number of infections suffered by a marked individual during an outbreak. The time till the epidemic extinction is characterized as a phase-type random variable when there is no external source of infection, and its Laplace-Stieljtes transform and moments are derived in terms of a forward elimination backward substitution solution. The inverse iteration method is applied to the quasi-stationary distribution of X , which provides a good approximation of the process X at a certain time, conditional on non-extinction, after a suitable waiting time. The basic reproduction number R 0 is defined here as a random variable, rather than an expected value.

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Parental Smoking, Presence of Older Siblings, and Family History of Asthma Increase Risk of Bronchiolitis

McConnochie¹

1986

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

105

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Family Studies of Respiratory Infections

Cited by 129 publications

References 5 publications

Contribution of vaccines to our understanding of pneumococcal disease

Contribution of vaccines to our understanding of pneumococcal disease

A stochastic SIS epidemic model with heterogeneous contacts

Parental Smoking, Presence of Older Siblings, and Family History of Asthma Increase Risk of Bronchiolitis

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