We discuss a participatory action research (PAR) DESCRIPTORS: participatory action research, participatory research, action research, family, disability Participatory action research (PAR) is one means of addressing the gap between researchers and the intended beneficiaries of research (McTaggart, 1991;Whyte, 1991). Participatory action research refers to a process whereby the researchers and stakeholders (those who potentially benefit from research results) collaborate in the design and conduct of all phases (e.g., specification of questions, design, data collection, data analysis, dissemination, utilization) of the research process. PAR's ultimate goal is taking action to solve the problem that is at the basis of the research (Graves, 1991;McTaggart, 1991;Whitney-Thomas, 1997). PAR is a collaborative approach to conducting research-not a discrete research methodology.
_______________________________________________Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to Ann P. Turnbull, Beach Center on Families and Disability, University of Kansas, 3111 Haworth Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045The National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) has taken a leadership role within the disability field by encouraging grantees to incorporate a PAR approach (Fenton, Batavia, & Roody, 1993;Graves, 1991). Our conceptualization of PAR has been strongly influenced by NIDRR's definition.Throughout the literature, many terms are used interchangeably with sometimes similar and other times conflicting definitions. These terms include participatory research, action research, participatory action research, constituency-oriented re-search and dissemination, emancipatory research, empowerment research, and discovery research. These terms all have a common focus on greater participation and influence of stakeholders in research than has traditionally characterized the research process. The approaches may differ, however, with respect to considerations such as how localized the research is to a specific context.In this paper, we address a PAR approach consistent with NIDRR's conceptualization of researchers and stakeholders collaborating through-out the entire research process. Our focus is on families as stakeholders of research. We focus on research that is aimed at studying family life and issues important for family support. We refer to this research as family research. We (a) discuss the advantages and challenges of PAR in family research, (b) propose a range of PAR levels, and (c) raise three issues warranting creative problem solving in enhancing PAR implementation related to family research.