Fantastic Voyage: Designing Self‐Powered Nanorobots

Sengupta, S.; Ibele, Michael E.; Sen, Ayusman

doi:10.1002/anie.201202044

Cited by 311 publications

(260 citation statements)

References 137 publications

(164 reference statements)

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“…Beyond the limitless imagination of writers, this points towards a challenging question for the scientific community: how can we design populations of artificial microagents capable of moving autonomously in a controlled fashion while performing complex tasks? Recently, this question has fuelled a great effort towards the fabrication and the development of the first generation of synthetic micro-and nano-robots [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-activated self-propelled colloids

Palacci

Sacanna

Kim

et al. 2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

131

133

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Light-activated self-propelled colloids are synthesized and their active motion is studied using optical microscopy. We propose a versatile route using different photoactive materials, and demonstrate a multiwavelength activation and propulsion. Thanks to the photoelectrochemical properties of two semiconductor materials (α-Fe 2 O 3 and TiO 2 ), a light with an energy higher than the bandgap triggers the reaction of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and produces a chemical cloud around the particle. It induces a phoretic attraction with neighbouring colloids as well as an osmotic selfpropulsion of the particle on the substrate. We use these mechanisms to form colloidal cargos as well as self-propelled particles where the light-activated component is embedded into a dielectric sphere. The particles are self-propelled along a direction otherwise randomized by thermal fluctuations, and exhibit a persistent random walk. For sufficient surface density, the particles spontaneously form 'living crystals' which are mobile, break apart and reform. Steering the particle with an external magnetic field, we show that the formation of the dense phase results from the collisions heads-on of the particles. This effect is intrinsically non-equilibrium and a novel principle of organization for systems without detailed balance. Engineering families of particles self-propelled by different wavelength demonstrate a good understanding of both the physics and the chemistry behind the system and points to a general route for designing new families of self-propelled particles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-activated self-propelled colloids

Palacci

Sacanna

Kim

et al. 2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

131

133

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“…This is supported by early observations of Martin and coworkers who reported that GOx nanotubes -prepared by a similar protocol -are able to catalyze the oxidation of glucose. 31 Most favourable results were observed using 10 mM glucose, 0.3 mM AuCl 4 À and following an initial 30 min incubation time. No apparent patterning was noticeable using incubation times shorter than 15 min or using glucose concentrations lower than 1 mM.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Previously we demonstrated that such magnetically powered nanowire motors, containing a exible silver joint, can swim efficiently under an external rotating magnetic eld. 27 As illustrated in Scheme 1 our new surface 'writing' concept relies on the connement of GOx onto the Au end of a exible Au/ Ag ex /Ni magnetic 5.5 mm long nanowire motor for localized biometallization through a H 2 O 2 -mediated deposition of helical Au microwires in the presence of glucose and AuCl 4 À ions. The enzyme connement onto the end of the Au segment was accomplished by covalent immobilization using carbodiimide/succinimide onto a carboxylic acid terminated alkanethiol thiolated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (see Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the rotation of the GOx-functionalized Au segment, the biocatalytic oxidation of glucose leads to the formation of distinct helical plumes of the H 2 O 2 product (eqn (1)). The latter acts as a reducing agent for the localized catalytic reduction of AuCl 4 À ions on a Aucoated glass (eqn (2)), leading to unique surface patterns of helical Au microstructures that reect the rotation of the enzyme and the corresponding peroxide plume. AuNP seeds were shown to be essential for biocatalytically induced growth of Au nanowires on glucose oxidase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1A illustrates the microscale Au helical surface microstructure created by the biocatalytic metallization reaction using a GOxAu/Ag ex /Ni nanowire. The biometallization reaction was carried out in 10 mM glucose and 0.3 mM AuCl 4 À at a rotation frequency of 7.5 Hz. The controlled translational movement of the swimmer, including the dened rotation of the GOx-modied Au segment, thus results in distinct Au helical surface microstructures.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanomotor-based biocatalytic patterning of helical metal microstructures

et al. 2013

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A new nanomotor-based surface-patterning technique based on the movement of a magnetically powered enzyme-functionalized flexible nanowire swimmer offers the ability to create complex helical metal microstructures.There has been a considerable recent interest in synthetic nanomotors, based on different propulsion mechanisms, owing to their great promise for a wide range of future technological applications. 1-10 Self-propelled nano/microscale machines have demonstrated considerable potential for performing diverse operations and important tasks, ranging from isolation of biomaterials, 11 nanotool-based drilling, 12 delivery of therapeutic payloads, 13 to environmental remediation. 14 This communication reports on the use of exible magnetic nanowire swimmers for biocatalytic patterning of complex surface microstructures. The preparation of well-dened surface micro/ nanostructures represents an important goal of microfabrication. Tip-based scanning-probe (SP) techniques have been extremely useful for depositing chemical or biological materials onto at substrates. 15 Such tip-based SP fabrication methods commonly rely on the controlled movement of a functionalized tip along predetermined paths for a localized surface modication. Willner et al. [16][17][18][19] have demonstrated the successful combination of Dip-PenNanolithography (DPN) and biocatalytic inks for generating Au or Ag nanowires in connection with the deposition of glucose oxidase (GOx) or alkaline-phosphatase lines, respectively. However, patterning of three-dimensional structures with high topological complexity of a helix represents a major fabrication challenge even with advanced lithographic techniques such as DPN. [16][17][18][19] Recent advances in nanomotors have facilitated the realization of the new nanomotor-based direct biocatalytic patterning method.These include the ability to navigate the motors along predetermined complex paths, to control and regulate their speed, to functionalize them with different biological or chemical entities, and to move them rapidly over large areas. 20,21 Previous studies reported that HRP-functionalized catalytic nanowire motors can be used for writing localized polymeric lines. 22 However, the limited propulsion of these catalytic nanomotors in high-ionic strength environments and the peroxide-fuel requirement hinder the applications of these nanomotors. 23 Similar to different tip-based SP fabrication techniques, 15 nanomotors based on different propulsion and guidance mechanisms could be employed for creating a variety of surface microstructures. Various microstructures, made of different materials (polymers, metals, etc.), can thus be fabricated on conducting and insulating substrates based on a judicious choice of the reactants and the specic reaction involved. In view of the 'large' (submicrometer) size of catalytic nanomotors, compared to common SP tips, the new nanomotor 'writing' method is currently limited to the creation of microscale surface features.This study illustrates for the rst time th...

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