Farming of Wapiti and Wapiti Hybrids in New Zealand

Pearse, A. J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2782-3_44

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is therefore not surprising that a majority of the hybrids detected through genetic analysis in this study were not flagged as suspected hybrids prior to analysis and this highlights the need for genetic testing of sambar and rusa deer to accurately determine hybridisation rates between the species. Deer hybrids can present as larger in body size than their parental species, and this phenomenon is often encouraged in the deer farming industry to promote larger meat yields (Pearse 1992;Tate et al 1997;Tuckwell 1998). Hybridisation in ungulates has also been shown to increase disease resistance (Grossen et al 2014;Barbato et al 2017), growth rate and bodyweight (Asher et al 1996;Ismail and Saidi 2009;Senn et al 2010), and is suggested to aid in population growth and dispersal (Goedbloed et al 2013;Manunza et al 2016;Iacolina et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussion Hybridisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybridisation rates, population structure, and dispersal of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) in south-eastern Australia

Hill,

Murphy,

Li-Williams

et al. 2023

Wildlife Res.

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Context Introduced populations of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) are present across south-eastern Australia and are subject to local population control to alleviate their negative impacts. For management to be effective, identification of dispersal capability and management units is necessary. These species also readily hybridise, so additional investigation of hybridisation rates across their distributions is necessary to understand the interactions between the two species.Aim Measure the hybridisation rate of sambar and rusa deer, assess broad-scale population structure present within both species and identify distinct management units for future population control, and measure the likely dispersal capability of both species.Methods In total, 198 sambar deer, 189 rusa deer, and three suspected hybrid samples were collected across Victoria and New South Wales (NSW). After sequencing and filtering, 14 099 polymorphic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were retained for analysis. Hybridisation rates were assessed before the data were split by species to identify population structure, diversity indices, and dispersal distances.Key results Across the entire dataset, 17 hybrids were detected. Broad-scale population structure was evident in sambar deer, but not among the sites where rusa deer were sampled. Analysis of dispersal ability showed that a majority of deer movement occurred within 20 km in both species, suggesting limited dispersal.Conclusions Distinct management units of sambar deer can be identified from the dataset, allowing independent population control. Although broad-scale population structure was not evident in the rusa deer populations, dispersal limits identified suggest that rusa deer sites sampled in this study could be managed separately. Sambar × rusa deer hybrids are present in both Victoria and NSW and can be difficult to detect on the basis of morphology alone.Implications Genetic analysis can identify broad-scale management units necessary for population control, and estimates of dispersal capability can assist in delineating management units where broad-scale population structure may not be apparent. The negative impacts associated with hybridisation require further investigation to determine whether removal of hybrids should be considered a priority management aim.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussion Hybridisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybridisation rates, population structure, and dispersal of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) in south-eastern Australia

Hill,

Murphy,

Li-Williams

et al. 2023

Wildlife Res.

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“…Les moyens permettant de lever partiellement ces limites biologiques sont disponibles : gŽnŽtiques avec le Wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadiensis), sous-esp•ce de grand format qui permet, par croisement, dÕaccro"tre le poids des faons sevrŽs de 40 % (Pearse 1992) ; hormonaux par lÕavancement artificiel de la pŽriode de reproduction (Thimonier et Sem-pŽrŽ 1989) ; alimentaires pour rŽduire lÕeffet de la photopŽriode sur la croissance du faon (Brelurut et al 1995). Toutefois, leur mise en Ïuvre exige une grande technicitŽ, et leur utilisation nÕest certainement pas souhaitable dans notre contexte national de production.…”

Section: / Comparaison Avec Les Ržsultats Des žLevages Allaitants Bovunclassified

Elevage du cerf (Cervus elaphus) dans l’ouest de la France. Résultats techniques et économiques

Benoit

Brelurut

1996

INRA Prod. Anim.

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Les données techniques et économiques de dix élevages de Cerfs de l’Ouest de la France ont été enregistrées de 1991 à 1994. Ces élevages, récents, comptent en moyenne 60 biches, et constituent, à une exception près, une diversification des activités des exploitations. Au cours des quatre années d’enquête, on observe une grande variabilité des résultats entre élevages, et une chute des performances zootechniques moyennes (de 0,81 faon sevré/biche/an en 1992 à 0,68 en 1994) vraisemblablement liée au chargement élevé des enclos qui peut atteindre 14 biches/ha (7 UGB/ha). Les animaux pour la viande, qui représentent 68% des sujets vendus, sont en majorité commercialisés à la ferme. Les prix de vente aux grossistes diminuent fortement durant la période (de 77 à 50 F/kg de carcasse) alors que les ventes de reproducteurs s’essoufflent. La marge brute passe de 2408 F/biche en 1992 à 1394 F en 1994, suite à la baisse des prix de vente et à la dégradation des performances. Une marge équivalente à celle des élevages allaitants bovin ou ovin exigerait une productivité de 0,85 faon sevré/biche/an et un prix de vente de 60 F/kg de carcasse. La réussite technique est conditionnée par une conduite adaptée aux spécificités du Cerf et par un chargement réduit des enclos. Par ailleurs, le faible potentiel de productivité de cette espèce d’origine sauvage et l’absence d’aides financières spécifiques nécessitent un prix de vente élevé des produits qui peut être, en l’absence de filière organisée, obtenu dans le cadre d’activités agrotouristiques basées sur l’élevage du Cerf.

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“…In all cases the objective has been to produce an F, generation hybrid, and then mate the F, hybrid stags with commercial red deer, to get a wide spread of the desired trait. This was first done using Canadian elk bulls and natural mating to increase body size and growth rate, with red deer stags, F, hybrid stags and elk bulls aged 16 months weighing 100, 155 and 155 kg respectively (Pearse 1992), showing clear evidence of hybrid vigour. In the next generation, growth during autumn (3-6 months of age) was 179 and 203 g/day for red deer and 0-25 elk:0-75 red deer stags grazing PRG/WC pasture, and 247 and 317 g/day for comparable animals grazing chicory (K. Kusmartono, personal communication).…”

Section: Hybridizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venison production from farmed deer

Barry

Wilson

1994

J. Agric. Sci.

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INTRODUCTIONDeer farming commenced in New Zealand (NZ) in 1969, and since then the number of farmed deer has progressively increased, to reach 1-3 million in 1993 (Game Industry Board (GIB), personal communication). These comprise 85% European red deer (Cervus elaphus), with the remainder being composed of elk {Cervus elaphus canadensis), elk/red deer crossbreds, fallow deer {Dama damd) and small numbers of other species. Initially, deer were obtained from the capture of feral animals, introduced to NZ over 100 years ago, but in the last 10 years the increase has come from breeding on deer farms. The industry has a strategic marketing plan to coordinate all sectors in order to maintain profitability. This plan has been implemented and financed by the GIB, through the collection of compulsory levies on venison and velvet sales. With the formation of the GIB in 1984, the NZ Deer industry has been strongly export market-led, and thus differs from the NZ sheep and cattle industries, which developed with a productiondriven philosophy. Key aspects of the market-led approach have been to produce and market venison which is consistently tender and of low fat content, and at the carcass weight range and times required by the markets.This study will review factors influencing the voluntary food intake (VFI), growth and health of deer, and how these can be maximized under pastoral farming systems for efficient venison production. The NZ system, based upon breeding from red deer hinds, will be described as a venison production system from temperate deer. Possible systems for tropical deer will be discussed, based upon rusa {Cervus timorensis) and sambar {Cervus unicolor) deer, as some countries in South East Asia and Oceania are beginning to develop deer industries based upon these species.

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Farming of Wapiti and Wapiti Hybrids in New Zealand

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Hybridisation rates, population structure, and dispersal of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) in south-eastern Australia

Hybridisation rates, population structure, and dispersal of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) in south-eastern Australia

Elevage du cerf (Cervus elaphus) dans l’ouest de la France. Résultats techniques et économiques

Venison production from farmed deer

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