“…Popular examples of such methods are finite difference methods (Gao et al, 2013;Huang & Oberman, 2013;Li et al, 2012;Meerschaert, 2004), finite element methods (Zhao & Lib, 2012), spectral methods (Bueno-Orovio et al, 2014;Huang et al, 2014), and other methods (Yan, 2013) for the forward equations describing anomalous diffusion etc. Further, such methods have been proposed for the backward equations in finance (Duquesne et al, 2010;Garreau & Kopriva, 2013;Kwok et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2012). In many of these methods, first, a time-evolution system of ordinary differential equations is derived from the given PIDE by the discretization of the spatial variable with finite differences, finite elements, polynomial expansions, etc., and some quadrature formulas.…”