Fast Frequency Regulation Support by LED Street Lighting Control

Fast Frequency Support Through LED Street Lighting in Small Non-Synchronous Power Systems

“…The possibility of providing fast frequency support through LED street lamps was preliminary investigated in [32], demonstrating how improvements in terms of frequency behaviour can be obtained. Tests were performed adopting a very simplified electromechanical single-bus model, whereas, in this paper, a more accurate evaluation is given through the development of a detailed power system model for real-time simulations and The modelled distribution grid is structured as in Fig.…”

“…As shown in [33], the presence of grid impedances among regulating resources can affect the overall transient response. Therefore, in this paper, the study in [32] is extended and completed as follows: r additional PHIL tests have been carried out adopting a more accurate system model, which reproduces the behavior of main electrical devices and components of an actual nonsynchronous power grid; r the adopted power system model is detailed enough to describe the influence of high impedance LV circuits, MV/LV transformers and the actual voltage and power controllers used in a power plant; r the response of multiple LED lighting systems connected in different locations was considered in order to build a more accurate system scenario and keep into account the electrical distance of the distributed sources; r further tests have been performed to assess the impact of the proposed LED lighting system control scheme in various scenarios of growing severity; r a more detailed description of the SI and FFR controllers and of the Power Hardware-in-the-Loop set-up have been added. The grid modelled for these studies represents the MV/LV distribution system of an actual small Italian island, not connected to the main grid.…”

“…In [32], the authors made a preliminary and successful assessment of the feasibility of providing SI and FFR support through the centralized control of public LED street lighting systems. Test results were obtained considering the response of an actual LED lamp in a Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) test bed.…”

A SOC-feedback Control Scheme for Fast Frequency Support with Hybrid Battery/Supercapacitor Storage System

“…100% SOC, the devices can fully discharge at the rated active power in one hour and one minute, respectively. Coefficients K E1 and K E2 can be calculated according to (1).…”

“…Several works have shown the advantages of regulating frequency through distributed energy resources, as demand response [1] or storage systems [2]- [7], adopting advanced control schemes such as synthetic inertia (SI) [2], [3], [5] or fast frequency response (FFR) [4], [5]. In [8], the authors using a single controller to provide a mixed contribution of SI and FFR, associating different weights to the proportional contributions to RoCoF and to frequency deviation.…”