Fast Frequency Support Through LED Street Lighting in Small Non-Synchronous Power Systems

Abstract

Small-sized non-synchronous islands, which are inherently characterized by low system inertia, will face in the next years the challenge of integrating larger and larger amount of renewable energy sources, leading to further reduction of inertia. Several means to support inertia and frequency transients have been proposed in the literature, including energy storage systems, distributed generation, and demand response. LED street lighting systems are widespread control resources, which in a smart grid scenario, can be regulated by means of local or remote control signals. This article investigates the possibility to regulate the power consumption of LED street lighting to provide frequency support in a system characterized by reduced total inertia. Tests are carried out integrating the simulation of the non-synchronous power system of an Italian small island with the response of an actual LED street lamp, in a Power Hardware-in-the-Loop testing environment. Both synthetic inertia and fast frequency response approaches are tested and discussed.

Impact of the Noise on the Emulated Grid Voltage Signal in Hardware-in-the-Loop Used in Power Converters

“…Analytical calculation of the effect of these noises at the output uses Equation (6). Floating-point arithmetic introduces less noise, and it allows translating equations from the mathematical model to code in a more straightforward way.…”

“…Due to the potential of HIL, many studies have been presented proposing to test the behavior of control algorithms [3]; distributed energy systems such as microgrids [4] and solar energy systems [5]; high energy efficiency, low-voltage power systems, such as LED power supplies [6]; and battery storage [7]; etc. Studies of available technology have detected associated problems and sources of errors with the development of models in emerging applications, and they have been delved into.For example, different mathematical methods have been proposed for modeling power converters, such as the Euler method, which is popular for its simplicity and reduction of latencies, and more advanced ones, such as Runge-Kutta, which under the conditions in [8] results in the most accurate model.…”

Modelling of 3-Phase p-q Theory-Based Dynamic Load for Real-Time Simulation

“…Furthermore, dynamic load models are essential to digital real time simulations and Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) testing, reproducing the behaviour of complex grids [8] and emulating dynamic distributed active resources (prosumers, storage, dynamic loads, etc.) [9].…”