Fast one-phase oil-rich processes for the preparation of vegetable oil methyl esters

Boocock, D. G. B.; Konar, Samir K.; Mao, Vinnie; Sidi, Hanif

doi:10.1016/0961-9534(95)00111-5

Cited by 226 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The addition of a cosolvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) to the reaction medium is an alternative way to enhance the reaction rate, as well as increasing the solubility and mass transfer between the oil and methanol [3]. THF is favorable because it can dissolve organic compounds on the hydrophobic site and bind water or alcohol on the hydrophilic site [4]. In addition, THF is a nonhazardous and unreactive chemical with a low boiling point (67 ∘ C), and it can be distilled with methanol and recycled at the end of the reaction process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production Using Calcium Methoxide Catalyst Assisted with Tetrahydrofuran as Cosolvent

Chumuang

Punsuvon

2017

Journal of Chemistry

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The present study was performed to optimize a heterogeneous calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH 3 ) 2 ) catalyzed transesterification process assisted with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a 5-level-4-factor central composite design was applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion. A quadratic model with an analysis of variance obtained from the RSM is suggested for the prediction of FAME conversion and reveals that 99.43% of the observed variation is explained by the model. The optimum conditions obtained from the RSM were 2.83 wt% of catalyst concentration, 11.6 : 1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 100.14 min of reaction time, and 8.65% v/v of THF in methanol concentration. Under these conditions, the properties of the produced biodiesel satisfied the standard requirement. THF as cosolvent successfully decreased the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, and reaction time when compared with biodiesel production without cosolvent. The results are encouraging for the application of Ca(OCH 3 ) 2 assisted with THF as a cosolvent for environmentally friendly and sustainable biodiesel production.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production Using Calcium Methoxide Catalyst Assisted with Tetrahydrofuran as Cosolvent

Chumuang

Punsuvon

2017

Journal of Chemistry

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“…The second order theory that accounts for changing interfacial tension based on conversion is the best fit to the real data and provides the correct slow-fast-slow curve for conversion. One point worth noting is that the reaction is simplified to the form (oil) → (ester) and as such does not show mono and di-glycerides concentration which is negligible most of the time (Boocock et al, 1996). One time where these concentrations may not be negligible is at the beginning of the reaction where the theory line shows a sharper increase than the real data points.…”

Section: Modelling Reaction Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing the reaction kinetics for a biodiesel reactor

Slinn

Kendall

2009

Bioresource Technology

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The aim of this paper was to investigate the kinetics of the biodiesel reaction in order to find out how best to reach 96.5% methyl ester. The purity of the biodiesel product was examined using gas chromatography to the EN14214 FAME standard and real-time optical microscopy was used to observe the reaction. The problem was the reaction doesn't reach completion and the mechanism is not understood. It was observed that droplet size had a major influence on reaction end point and that the reaction was mass-transfer limited. This observation was confirmed by developing a mass-transfer based reaction model using the data from the batch reactor which agreed with results from other researchers. The model predicted better conversion with more mixing intensity. The results show that significant improvements could be made to the conventional FAME process.

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“…Industrially, Biodiesel is commonly produced using homogenous basic catalysts such as sodium (or potassium) hydroxide or methoxide because the transesterification reaction is generally faster, less expensive, and more complete with these materials than with acid catalysts (Boocock et al, 1996a). The biodiesel industry currently uses sodium methoxide, because methoxide cannot form water upon reaction with alcohol such as with hydroxides, which influence the reaction and the quality of the production biodiesel (Zhou & Boocock, 2006a).…”

Section: Homogeneous Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transesterification reaction employing methanol commences as two immiscible phases as a result of the very low solubility of TAG in methanol (Boocock et al, 1996a;Boocock et al, 1996b;Zhou & Boocock, 2006a, which is about only 7.5 g of soybean oil soluble in 1 L of methanol at 30°C (Boocock et al, 1996b). Sufficient magnitude Stirring can make TAG transport into small drops which contact the methanol phase more effectively, and then convert into FAME and glycerin (Moser, 2009).…”

Section: Mixing Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%